Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering EssayBased on their mode of procedure, assembly agreements ar classified into two categories hauled-container systems and placeary-container systems.Hauled-Container Systems (HCS)Collection systems in which the containers apply for the storage of muffs argon hauled to the processing, channel, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their first location or or so other location argon outlined as hauled-container systems. There ar two main types of hauled-container systems (1) tilt-frame container and (2) trash-trailer. The collector is liable for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and expending empty containers, and emptying the circumscribe of the container at the disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both(prenominal) a driver and helper argon enforced.Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and largish containers, often c aloneed fall boxes, argon ideally suited for the collection of all types of consentaneous waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are apply routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large containers apply in concomitant with layary compactors are common at commercial and industrial serve and at deportation place. Because of the large volume that female genitalia be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, oddly among private collectors servicing industrial accounts.The application of trash-trailers is kindred to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailers are better for the collection of e particular(a)ly heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites. sendary-Container Systems (SCS)Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the train of waste generation, except when moved f or collection are delineate as nonmoving-container systems. Labor requirements for mechanically loaded stationary-container systems are essentially the similar as for hauled-container systems.There are two main types of stationary-container systems (1) those in which self-loading compactors are used and (2) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used.Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be used for the collection of all types of wastes.The major application of manual give and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where cartridge flushs are in genial to the collection vehicle.Collection RoutesOnce the equipment labor requirements gift been defined, collection roadways must(prenominal) be primed(p) out so both the work force equipment are used effectively. In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and-error process . There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all situations.Some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when set out routes are as follows(1) existing company policies and regulations related to such items as the point of collection and frequency of collection must be identified, (2) existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle types must be coordinated, (3) wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as earliest in the mean solar day as possible, (4) sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should be serviced during the first part of the day, and (5) scattered pickup points where small quantities of solid wastes are generated should, if possible, be serviced during one trip or on the analogous day, if they receive the same collection frequency.Layout of RoutesThe layout of collection routes is a four-step process. First, prepare location maps. On a relatively large-scale map of the area to be se rviced, the following data should be plotted for separately solid-waste pickup point location, deed of containers, collection frequency, and, if a stationary-container system with self-loading compactors is used, the estimated quantity of wastes to be collected at each pickup location. Second, prepare data summaries. enumerate the quantity of wastes to be collected from pickup location serviced each day that the collection operation is to be conducted. Where a stationary-container system is used, the number of locations that get out be serviced during each pickup cycle must also be determined. Third, lay out preliminary collection routes starting from the dispatch station or where the collection vehicles are parked. A route should be laid out that connects all the pickup locations to be serviced during each collection day. The route should be laid out so that the last location is closest the disposal site. Fourth, develop eternal restd routes. After the preliminary collection routes turn over been laid out, the haul distance for each route should be determined. Next, determine the labor requirements per day and check against the available work times per day. In some cases it may be necessary to readjust the collection routes to balance the work load and the distance traveled. After the balanced routes have been established, they should be drawn on the master map.SchedulesA master schedule for each collection route should be prepared for use by the engineering department and the conveyance of titleation dispatcher. A schedule for each route, on which can be found the location and order of each pickup point to he serviced, should he prepared for the driver. In addition, a route take hold should be maintained by each truck driver. shipping and impart of trainingralThe functional element of transfer and transmit refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances used to effect the transfer of wastes from relatively small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to beguile them over broaden distances to either processing centers or disposal sites. Transfer and express trading trading operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centers increase to the point that direct hauling is no prolonged economically feasible.Transfer StationImportant factors that must be considered in the design of transfer displace includetype of transfer operation to be used, (2) capacity requirements, (3) equipment and accessory requirements, and (4) environmental requirements.Type of Transfer StationDepending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer displace may be classified into three types direct discharge, storage discharge, and feature direct and storage discharge.Direct DischargeIn a direct-discharge transfer station, wastes from the collection vehicles usually are emptied directly into the vehicle to be used to transport them to a place of final disposition. To accomplis h this, these transfer station usually are constructed in a two-level ar mountain rangement. The unloading dock or platform from which wastes from collection vehicles are discharged into the transport trailers is elevated, or the transport trailers are located in a depressed ramp. Direct-discharge transfer stations employing stationary compactors are also popular.Typical direct discharge transfer stationStorage DischargeIn the storage-discharge transfer station, wastes are emptied either into a storage pit or onto a platform from which they are loaded into transport vehicles by various types of auxiliary equipment. In a storage-discharge transfer station, the storage volume varies from just about one-half to two old age volume of wastes.Typical storage discharge transfer station have Direct and Storage DischargeIn some transfer stations, both direct-discharge and storage-discharge methods are used. Usually, these are multipurpose facilities designed to service a broader range of users than a single-purpose facility. In addition to serving a broader range of users, a multipurpose transfer station can also house a materials-salvage operation.Capacity RequirementsThe operational capacity of a transfer station must be such that the collection vehicles do not have to cargo deck too long to unload. In some cases, it will not be exist- effective to design the station to handle the ultimate peak number of hourly loads. An economic trade-off analysis should be made amid the annual cost for the time spent by the collection vehicles waiting to unload against the incremental annual cost of a larger transfer station and/or the use of more transport equipment. Because of the increased cost of transport equipment, a trade-off analysis must also be made between the capacity of the transfer station and the cost of the transport operation, including both equipment and labor components.Equipment and Accessory RequirementsThe types and amounts of equipment required vary wi th the capacity of the station and its function in the waste-management system. Specifically, scales should be provided at all medium and large transfer stations both to monitor the operation and to develop meaning(prenominal) management and engineering data.Environmental RequirementsMost of the large, modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be given to the problem of blowing papers. Wind screens or other barriers are usually used. Regardless of the type of station, the design and construction should such that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. location of Transfer StationWhenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the metric weight united center of the individual solid-waste product areas to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial pass routes as well as near secondary or subsidiary means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of frequent environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer- station site is to be used for processing operations involving materials recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered.Transfer Means Methods locomote vehicles, railroads, and maritime-going vessels are the principal means without delay used to transport solid wastes. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have also been used.Motor Vehicle carryMotor vehicles used to transport solid wastes on driveways should satisfy the following requirements (1) the vehicles must transport wastes at minimum cost, (2) wastes must becovered during the haul operation, (3) vehicles must be designed for highway traffic,(4) vehicle capacity must be such that allowable weight limits are not exceeded, and (5) methods used for unloading must be unsophisticated and dependable The maximum volume that can be hauled highway transport vehicles depends on the regulations in force in the state in which they are operated.Methods used to unload the transport trailers may be classified agree to whether they are self-emptying or require the aid of auxiliary equipment. Self-emptying transport trailers are equipped with mechanisms such as hydraulic dump beds, powered diaphragms or moving floors that are part of the vehicle. Moving-floor trailers are an adaptation of equipment used in the construction industry. An advantage of the moving-floor trailer is the rapid turnaround time (typically 6 to 10 mm) achieved at the disposal site without the need for auxiliary equipment. set down systems that require auxiliary equipment are usually of the pull-off type, in which the wastes are pulled out of the truck by either a moveable bulkhead or wire-cable slings placed forward of the load. The disadvantage of requiring auxiliary equipment and work force to unload at the disposal site is relatively minor in weigh of the simplicity and reliability of these methods.Another auxiliary unloading system that has proved very effective and efficient involves the use of movable, hydraulically operated tipping ramps located at the disposal site.Operationally, the semitrailer of a tractor-trailer- trailer combination is backed up onto one of the tipping ramps the tractor-trailer combination is backed up onto a second tipping ramp. The backs of the trailers are opened, and the units are then liked upward until the wastes fall out by gravity. The time required for the entire unloading operation typically is about 5 mm/trip.Large-capacity containers and container trailers are used in conjunction with stationary compactors at transfer stations. In some cases, the compaction mechanism is an constituent(a) part of the container. When containers are equipped with a self-contained co mpaction mechanism, the movable bulkhead used to compress the wastes is also used to discharge the compacted wastes.Railroad TransportAlthough railroads were commonly used for the transport of solid wastes in the past, they are now used by only a few communities. However, renewed delight is again developing in the use of railroads for hauling solid wastes, especially to remote areas where highway travel is difficult and railroad lines now exist. peeing TransportBarges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport solid wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean disposal is no longer practiced by the United States. Although some self-propelled vessels (such as United States Navy garbage scows and other special boats) were once used, the most common practice was to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats.Pneumatic TransportBoth low-pressure gentle wind and vacuum conduit transport systems have been used to transport solid wastes. The most common application is the transport of wastes from high-density apartments or commercial activities to a exchange location for processing or for loading into transport vehicles. The largest pneumatic system now in use in the United States is at the Walt Disney founding amusement park in Orlando, Florida.