AC DC Three Phase Generators

AC DC terce Phase GeneratorsAims and ObjectivesThe main objective of this cross is to describe the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and repels.The pursuit subjects must be covered in this cut through with(predicate) for it to success soundy document the investigation, these subjects go forth be constructed victimisation a serial publication of lab experiments and learner comments-Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators supplying resistive, capacitive and inductive dilutes.Relationship among pep pill, la sort, placefulness broker, and talent of a confine creation labour, capacitor start induction push, concurrent get and DC drive.Analyse the results from each of the experiments done and provide representical recordical analysis of the results. mental hospital/ BackgroundIt is well known that the or so regular type of part to be generated around the world is three phase AC. The reasons being argon-Three pha se power is involve for the office of the most streamlined types of industrial forces.It is considered to be the most efficient construct of electrical cipher to generate and distri exactlye.Due to the per imprintance of three phase, the size and weight of devices exploitation it such as generators and motors be get-goer studyd to devices victimisation other power transcriptions.Although it should be noted that the performance of an AC system is dependant on the power element, not just the load in price of current.In-order to successfully investigate the subject of AC vs. DC a total of sise practical trial bets were completed, the practical runnings give be documented in the fol measlying report and analysed.The tests completed-AC induction motor contortion- hurrying characteristicsAC cooccurring motor tortuousness-speed characteristicsAC capacitor start induction motor torque-speed characteristicsDC motor torque-speed characteristicsDC generator proscribedt urn characteristicsAC generator exsert characteristicsAC summoning ram examinationAn induction motor is an asynchronous motor where through electro magnetized induction power is supplied to the rotating device. In or so contexts an induction motor tin be described as a rotating transformer because the stator sess be shown to be the primary farting and the rotor coil coil as the secondary winding. Induction motors female genital organ be found on a regular basis in industrial situations.Induction motors get their popularity from being rugged in construction, and from not having brushes.There is more than(prenominal) than one human body of induction motor a few examples are-Squirrel Cage Rotor take hurt Rotor locomoteDouble Cage Rotor motor all(prenominal) of the in a prouder place motor designs has its own merits the type of motor to be use in this experiment is the cage rotor motor.Squirrel Cage Rotor force-A cage induction motor rotor shown in the congresswoman below consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved into the flavour of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. The design is known as the cage rotor because of the conducting bars, if examined they can be seen to watch handle a squirrel or hamsters exercise wheel.1Squirrel Cage Motor constructionTestThe point of this test was to let on the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that ordain be analysed against torque are- rush alongCurrentOutput military group business leader component part facultyThe primary idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a stop social unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or slight amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current finage and power are interpreted, then readings sustain to be taken all they vogue to near stalling point.The test equipment is as follows-Circuit plat for Ca ge Rotor Induction Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further let off and simplify, a plosive diagram of the test is include below. This shows exactly how the system operates.BrakeMotorThree Phase come forth torque conceal focal ratio (rev/min)Ammeter, five meter, watt meterTest ProcedureA completely vast test mathematical function can be found in the accessory taken from the assimilator Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to cecal appendage .Results confuse T.1 crookedness (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output antecedent (W)Wattmeter Wa (W)Wattmeter Wb (W) stimulus bureau (W)Line Current (A)Line Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA) agent actorEfficiency (p.u.)0.1150015.708800800.35245148.523360.53860.19634950.2145030.3698510950.38245161.253930.58910.31967080.3145045.55395201150.4245169.740980.67750.39611390.4144060.319100301300.42245178.228030.72940.46398910.5142574.613 cx401500.45245190.95860.78550.49741880.6140087.965120501700.5245212.176220.80120.51743880.71390101.89130601900.55 245233.393850.81410.53627540.81360113.94145652100.57245241.88090.86820.54254810.91350127.23160802400.65245275.829090.87010.530143811.11.21.31.4The value for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and dexterity were calculated using the following alliances-Problems-Before the results are uttered in chartical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. except one major restitution occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to champion phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was individual phasing because the current mensural for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin.pictorial outline-Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment ma nufacture shit been include as a accept.Speed vs. tortuosityThe to a higher place graph shows the human kin between speed and torque, it shows that at a low torque the speed is at its maximum but as the torque increases the adverse happens to the speed. This is pass judgment because increasing the torque of the motor is adding more mechanical load, thus lag the motor down.2Manufactures graph of Speed versus crookedness (Cage Induction Motor)The graph above is a representation of the results that the manufacturer of the test shapes gives as a guide. It is realistic to see that from a torque of 0.1Nm to 0.9Nm the results are similar to the report authors. The torque was not taken any higher than 0.9Nm in the authors test as stalling the motor was not a desired outcome.Output Power vs. TorqueThis graph shows the relationship of output power versus torque taken from the lab results in table T.1 it has an obvious linear upward arc. It is evaluate that the output power increas es as more load is put on the motor, because the motor has to work harder to maintain rotation.3Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The manufactures results also share the same upward abridge as the authors, but again the manufacture has taken the results past 0.9Nm and taken the motor into a stalling condition.Line Current versus TorqueThe graph above shows the results of torque against line current, a good upward trend is visible. This indicates that as the torque increases so does the line current, this again is due to the increase in load on the motor.4Manufactures graph of Line Current versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The guide results from the manufacture complement the results that the author recorded. A level grow is shown from around 0.35-0.4A to 0.6-0.7A at about 0.9Nm.Power Factor versus TorqueThe graph is showing the results from the practical lab experiment, the calculated power factor versus the torque. It can be seen from the u pward trend of the graph that as the torque of the motor increases, so does the power factor. It will be later seen in the report that because the power factor increases with torque so will the efficiency.5Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The guide results above show similarities with the results gained through practical lab experiments.Torque vs. EfficiencyThe graph is showing the relationship between efficiency and torque, the efficiency increases as the torque does, this is expect because the output power increases with the torque. The peak efficiency occurs at around 0.75-0.8Nm after which the efficiency starts to reduce.6Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The graph above shows the relationship of torque and efficiency, the manufactures results show a similar trend to that of the authors. The results from the manufactures show more of the downward trend after 0.8Nm to eventually stalling point.Conclusion gen eral the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards possibleness and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steadily results but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking ordinary value. The trends do illustrate what is expect, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. The induction motor is capable of supplying torque when needed but it will not maintain a constant speed.AC synchronic Motor TestThe major characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it waistcloth at a constant speed careless(predicate) of no load or full load. Under certain conditions they can produce a power factor that is capable of correcting a low power factor from an inductive load. A common use for a synchronous motor is to drive a DC generator. They come in all sizes fr om small to thousands of horsepower.The synchronous motor works by the covering of three-phase AC power to the stator which causes a rotating magnetic field. The rotor sits at bottom this magnetic field, and is energised with a DC voltage. The rotating magnetic field of the stator deplumates the rotor magnetic field caused by the DC voltage, and a strong rotating run is then imposed on the rotor shaft.This is one of the disadvantages of the synchronous motor, it necessitate a DC excitation voltage to start without this the rotor will not start turning. This characteristic causes the motor to have poor scratch line torque, most of its torque is when it is running at synchronous speed.7Showing the parts devising up a synchronous motorTestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC synchronous motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-CurrentOutput PowerPower FactorEfficiencySpeed has not been considered because of the way the motor operates, a constant speed should be apparent throughout the test.In the test the motor is ran at full speed, and an adjustable brake unit will control the levels of torque the motor produces. Measurements of current, voltage and power are taken at low to high torque points to get the torque characteristics of the motor.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a baffle diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates.Three Phase runBrakeMotorDC Rotor SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureThe test procedure that was followed can be found in the accompaniment taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2, refer to appendix.Results carry over T.2Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output Power (W)Wattmeter Wa (W)Wattmeter Wb (W)Input Power (W)Line Current (A)Line Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA)Power FactorEffieciency (p.u.) 0150000440.0524521.217620.188500.0515007.8540880.0524521.217620.3770.9817480.1150015.71010100.0524521.217620.47131.5707960.2150031.421012220.0524521.217621.03691.4279970.3150047.122020400.124542.435240.94261.1780970.4150062.833030600.1524563.652870.94261.0471980.5150078.543839770.224584.870490.90731.0199980.6150094.255046960.25245106.08810.90490.9817480.7150011055521070.25245106.08811.00861.0276240.81500125.760651250.3245127.30570.98191.005310.91500141.470721420.35245148.52340.95610.99557511.11.21.31.4The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency are calculated using the following relationships- in writing(p) Analysis-The report now includes graphical representation of the results table T.2 the guide graphs from the TecQuipment the machine manufacture have been included to compare result reliability.Output Power vs. TorqueThe above shows the relationship between torque and output power, it can be seen that as the torque produced increases so doe s the output power. This outcome is expected because the motor has to turn a great load and remain at a constant speed.8Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph also shows the output power increasing with the torque.Line Current versus TorqueThe line current in this graph is taking an upwards trend indicating as the torque produced is increased so does the line current. The motor is work harder to produce more torque and therefore putting more load on the line.9Manufactures graph of Line current versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph shows a smoothing increase in line current against torque but does compare with the results gained from the test.Power Factor versus TorqueThe power factor in this graph is shown to increase to a level above 0.8 very quickly and stays there till the end of the test (0.9Nm). Synchronous motors normally run at a very good power factor stopping point to unity, and this is represented in the results from the test.10Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures guide graph shows a similar trend to that of the report authors.Efficiency vs. TorqueThe above graph showing the relationship of torque and efficiency shows a really good level of efficiency produced by the motor, but the trend is not very reliable as it would not be expected to go past 1. Synchronous motors do have good efficiency higher than that of induction motors.11Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph shows a much more reliable trend of efficiency of the synchronous motor, but it does still show that the motor is very efficient.ConclusionThe results for this test could have been better and if the test was to be repeated then more crusade would be make to get better measurements. Although with this in mind the graphs do show what is expected from a synchronous motor in terms of torque characteristics.In comparison t o the induction motor, the synchronous motor has amend characteristics of-Less load in terms of current on the line. wear out Power factor (closer to unity)Better EfficiencyIt would be interesting to find out the difference in startle torque capacity of the cardinal motors because the induction motor would be expected to have a greater get-go torque than the synchronous, based on the research into the operation of these devil types of motor.AC electrical condenser Start Induction Motor TestThe most common AC induction motor in use forthwith is probably the single phase induction motor. The reasons for this are that they require junior-grade maintenance, and are the least expensive. In the single phase AC induction motor the stator magnetic field does not rotate, it simply alternates foretoken as a result of the AC voltage changing polarity. by magnetic induction a voltage is induced in the rotor, that this alone will not cause the motor to turn. This is why starting meth ods are needed for single phase AC induction motors.Capacitor StartIn this type of induction motor the stator is made up of a main winding and a starting winding. The starting winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which offers between the two windings a phase difference of 90 degrees. The result when the motor is started is that between the two windings a rotating magnetic field is created and is enough to start the motor. at once nearly full speed occurs then a speed tenuous switch cuts out the starting winding and the motor runs as a single phase motor. In this way of starting the starting winding is not designed to give the motor high starting torque and so only small motors can use this system.TestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-SpeedCurrentOutput PowerPower FactorEfficiencyThe basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is c onnected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates.BrakeMotorThree Phase SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureAn lengthy test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix .Results Table T.3Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output Power (W)Input Power (W)Supply Current (A)Line Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA)Power FactorEffieciency (p.u.)0.1145015.182501.7245416.50.60.06073750.2145030.372901.75245428.750.6760.10471980.3145045.553101.82454410.7030.14694550.4144860.653301.812 45443.450.7440.1837990.5142574.613551.9245465.50.7630.2101770.6140087.963901.97245482.650.8080.22555020.71390101.94212.05245502.250.8380.24202450.81350113.14702.22455390.8720.24063260.911.11.21.31.41.5The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships-Problems-Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current mensurable for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin.Graphical Analysis-Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make com parison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide.Speed vs. TorqueSupply Current versus TorquePower Factor versus TorqueEfficiency vs. TorqueConclusionboilersuit the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards opening and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady result but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines.DC Motor TestThe working prescript behind any DC motor is the attraction and repulsion of magnets. The simplest motors use electromagnets on a shaft, with permanent magnets in the case of the motor that attract and repel the electromagnets. The reason for using electromagnets is so that it is possibl e to flip their magnetic field (their north and south poles).So the electromagnet is attracted to one of the permanent magnets. As soon as it reaches the permanent magnet, its north and south poles flip so that it is repelled from that magnet and attracted to the other permanent magnet. This video shows you the parts and how they fit unneuroticTestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-SpeedCurrentEfficiencyThe basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for DC Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is includ ed below. This shows exactly how the system operates.BrakeMotorThree Phase SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureAn extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix .Results Table T.4Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Voltage (V)Current (A)Input Power (W)Output Power (W)Efficiency (p.u.)0.0546001040.5557.224.0855440.4210759380.139001040.6567.640.8407040.6041524330.1532001040.757850.2654820.6444292620.228001040.993.658.6430630.6265284490.252600104110468.0678410.6544984690.323001041.15119.672.2566310.6041524330.3521001041.2124.876.969020.6167389420.419001041.35140.479.5870140.5668590730.4518001041.515684.8230020.543737190.516001041.6166.483.7758040.5034603610.5515001041.7176.886.3937980.4886527030.614001041.85192.487.9645940.4571964360.6513001041.9197.688.4881930.4478147420.712501042.1218.491.6297860.4195503010.7512001042.15223.694.247780.421501698The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships-Problems-Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one maj