Norman Conquest 1066 Essay Example for Free

Norman Conquest 1066 Essay queen mole rat Edward had taken a vow of chastity, so upon his death in 1066 there was lack of a light-headed heir to the thr bingle. There were 3 contenders * William of Normandy nephew of Edward, claimed that Edward promised him the throne and that Harold II of had sworn agreement to this. * Harold II riches and omnipotent of the side of meat aristocracy. * Harald III of Norway based on previous agreement between Magnus of Norway and the earlier Danish magnate, where if either died without a heir to their throne, the other would inherit Eng knock down and Norway. Harold II was immediately elected as world-beater by the pro-Saxon Witan as they feared there could be invasions from abroad.Harald III of Norway invaded Harold II in the Battle of Stamford Bridge(28th September 1066). Harold II win but lost many in battle. Just days later, William of Normandy invaded Harold II in the Battle of battle of Hastings (14th October 1066). Here Harold II died in battle with an arrow through his eye, leaving the throne to William of Normandy. William became world-beater in 1066 and the Norman Conquest left the Saxons conquered by the Normans.* Prior to the conquest, all impartiality was written and spoken in English, whilst after the conquest law was to be written in Latin and occasionally cut. Slowly English returned to the courts, but many French and Latin terms were adopted. Hence why today, the English language is juxtaposed to French/Latin that Old English. * Stronger central government courts of the King began to take many of the functions that were traditionally use by the hundred moots and shire moots. Legal recordings were taken much more seriously with legal practices organism written down and recorded in the Doomsday book.* Feudalism/land ownership King became the final ruler of all land in England (Crown owned all land). Anyone who owned land, owed their allegiance to the King and if you werent loyal to the King, he could take away your land. If you owned land, you really middling owned a prenomen to that land which the King lends you. Today Crown passive owns all land. * Trial by Battle was introduced women, King, elderly, could prefer a warrior to fighting for them. If the warrior was quiet standing when the stars came out it was seen as not guilty. It rested on the precondition that a divine mightiness would intervene and whoevers case was just would triumph. Over time, people became skeptical and it was abolished.Norman conquest is seen as the traditional starting point of English Common Law. It ensured that both common law and civil law systems remained. NZ uses this common law system that William retained from Harold. Today in NZ we still debase land in fee simple to the Crown. Our legal system still contains some the Latin and French words that were adopted after the Norman Conquest.Magna Carta 1215King nates was not a popular queen as he treated his people very poorly, he was seen as a tyrant. He also caused serious arguments amongst Pope Innocent III and the English Barons. Pope Innocent III wanted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury but antic wanted John De Grey. As John would not accept Langton, the Pope set England under interdict (suspends all religious life) and declares Johns kingdom forfeit and encourages King Phillip of France to invade. John at long last accepts Langton and surrenders the kingdom back to the Pope and receives it back as a fiefdom. King John is like a shot under the Pope in hierarchy. King John was also unsuccessful in battle, having lost land back to France.This meant less money flowing into England, so John started taxing people of England. It had always been customary that the King consult with the Barons before raising taxes. The Barons agreed to make war on King John if he didnt sign a charter affirming the rights of the Barons. After attempting to break up the Barons from bribery, John change surfacetual ly signs. The Magna Carta included promises to protect freedom and rights of the church and to consult with the Barons more closely on taxes, and to guarantee sealed rights to all free men. Immediately after this, John asks the Pope to declare Magna Carta null and void. The Barons encourage Prince Louis of France to invade. King John suddenly dies of dysentery, and Henry III becomes King. Every new king from then on go out reissue/sign the Magna Carta.So much of the common law was based upon the Magna Carta that is was seen as one of the integral documents of England. speak tos began citing Magna Carta to support patterns and concepts that did not exist when it was effectd. It influenced the content of other documents that protect peoples rights such as Americas wit of recompenses, and NZs.It was the first document in English history that limited the authority of the monarch. Until then there was the belief that the Monarch could do whatever they pleased. This established the rule that no one is higher than the law. It marked that power was being shared by more people. The Magna Carta also stated that a council of 25 Barons would be created to advise the King which some people argue is the start of parliament in common law. ask of Right 1628King Charles upset Parliament during his reign from 1625 1649. He married a Roman Catholic called Henrietta, protected anti-protestant writers and sought to wage was in Europe on behalf of his Roman Catholic in-laws. It looked like he was favouring Roman Catholics and letting them into the monarchy. When Parliament refused to give Charles the money he needed to fight a battle in Europe, he started taxing the people of England without the consent of he Parliament.This went against a principle established nearly 300 years ago. Parliament responded by issuing the Petition of Right in 1628. It outlined the abuses the King had committed and formally requested that the King rectify his abuses. The Petition of Right wa s just a soft, light not harsh piece of legislation. Just a set of rules that the King was meant to follow. Charles fundamentally ignored the Petition of Right and ruled without a Parliament from 1629-1640. This led to the English Civil struggle where Charles eventually lost and was executed by Parliament. The Monarchy was abolished until 1660.Ruled without Parliament for 11 years. on with the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right are the constitutional foundational documents of England. The Petition of Right and most important aspects of the English shoot of Rights are still part of NZ law and is still in force today.English Civil WarAfter the Petition or Right was issued to King Charles in 1628, he dissolved Parliament in 1629 and refused to call it for eleven years. But in 1640 he needed money again to ward of the threat of a putsch from Scotland so he reconvened Parliament to ask for the funds. Parliament only agreed to give Charles the funds if he agreed to discuss the abuses t hat had occurred during his reign as ruler by himself. Parliament took in Henrietta (Charles Roman Catholic wife) for questioning under the fear that Roman Catholicism was creeping into power. In retaliation Charles stormed an armed academic term of Parliament with his own army and the English Civil War ensued between the Monarchists and Parliamentarians.Charles was defeated as King in 1645 and escaped to the Island of Whit. He was recaptured in 1647 and sent to permanent exile. The House of Commons passed a limited statute that created a special court to trial King Charles for trea boy. Charles was executed in 1649, being the first and only monarch to be executed which was r ontogenyary. It showed that Power was shifting upwards and showed that everyone is subject to the law even the King. Another main consequence was the Parliament was now supreme with a shift in power from the Monarchy to Parliament. This allowed for the responsibility of law making and then came Prime Ministe rs.Glorious Revolution 1688King Charles II had no legitimate children, so when he died his brother crowd became King King crowd II. King James II did a chip of things that upset Parliament, reminding them of King Charles I (Petition of Right and Civil War). He was a Roman Catholic and baptized his son as a Roman Catholic. He gave Catholics a number of prominent jobs in Government. He proclaimed religious freedom for non-Anglicans and suspended Parliament when it criticized him on the higher up topics. Members of the House of Lords invited Dutch nobleman William of Orange to invade and become new king. William of Orange was married to James II daughter Mary, so they could argue that the throne was staying in the family. William easily defeated James who fled to France. Parliament declared that James had abdicated the throne and it was vacant. In 1689, Parliament appointed William and Mary as joint sovereigns and issued the Bill of Rights.Consequences -Bill of Rights 1689In the B ill of Rights, Parliament makes the appointment of William and Mary as joint sovereigns conditional on the following principles Without Parliament, the sovereign cannot suspend or create laws, make new courts, impose new taxes, create or maintain an army in peacetime etc.Along with Magna Carta and Petition of Right, the Bill of Right is a constitutional document for the English legal system. About 100 years after the English Bill of Rights was drawn up, the American Bill of Right was passed. The most significant parts of the Bill of Rights are still part of the NZ Bill or Rights, which is still in force in NZ today.EquityRefers to the separate evolution of the Equity Courts.During the reign of Edward I, he formed three great courts1. The Kings Bench2. The Court of Common Pleas3. The ExchequerThe Exchequer court was a governmental office split into the Exchequer(fiscal) and the Chancery (secretarial). Along with administering writs, the Chancery had to reflect a reserve of nicety in the King by trying to arrest fairness into the legal system. Equity worked by allowed a person to succeed against an individual for a incorrupt or religious wrong, even if that same person was legally in the right. The Chancellor initially administered justice to people who came to him under the Maxims of Equity he who comes with equity must come with clean hands. Equity worked (examples of son taking money and neighbors tree) by the Chancellor deciding what was right in the eyeball of the church and the eyes of clarity.Over time, Equity as a means of obtaining justice became popular enough for the Courts of Equity to be established. In 1616, King James I, ruled that equity was to take precedent over common law, allowing the King to exert some control over his supposedly separated judges.This system was very flexible as to how the law was applied to different situations. The point of equity was that each individual case was to be discrete on the points of that case alone so the most just outcome could be reached. Thus it became class that the Court of Equity was not bound by precedent, giving rise to the aphorism equity varies as the length of the chancellors foot.