Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

†¢The origin of Language †¢Features of Language †¢Knowledge of Language †¢Linguistics †¢Branches of Linguistics †¢Approaches to Linguistic Studies †¢Schools of Linguistics THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE †¢The divine source †¢The natural sound source o Primitive words o Cuckoo, splash, rattle, hiss, buzz oâ€Å"Bow-wow theory of language origin.† †¢The social interaction source †¢The physical adaptation source †¢The tool-making source †¢The genetic source oChild development à ¨ Automatic oDeaf children à ¨ Fluent users of sign language à ¨ innateness hypothesis oWe are born with a capacity for speaking/using language †¢(See Yule, Ch.1; Fromkin et al., Ch.6) MAJOR FEATURES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 1-Communicative : function of language is to communicate 2-Vocal : human vocal organs are used 3-Human : sophisticated use of language is unique to human species 4-Social : it Ä ±s used by the members of a community 5-Natural : Ä ±t is a natural phenomena 6-Changeable : it can and will change trough time 7-Rule-governed : there are systematic rules in it. 8-Product of mind : it is the product of mental operation 9-Arbitrary : no systematic relationship between form and meaning 10-Creative : language is used creatively MINOR FEATURES OF LANGUAGE 1-Language , unless recorded, flies away the movement we speak it. 2-Self-talk is a form of language 3-We talk in our minds : inner speech 4-We can not help but to process and understand what we hear. 5-Language can be used by some to xert their power over others. 6-Language is used for cultural preservation and transmission . 7-Language is varied : not monolithic. 8-The direction of changes in language is not predictable. 9-Language is personal as well as social. 10-Language is a means for mental and social development. 11-Language is a predictor of social identity. 12-Language reveals patterns of how mind works. 13-All languages have the same potential for development KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGE †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"I know English.† †¢Produce individual sounds and combining them (Phonetics & Phonology); †¢Form and dividing words (Morphology); †¢Combine these words into phrases and sentences (Syntax); †¢Understand the meaning of words, phrases and utterances (Semantics); †¢Use the language appropriately in different contexts (Pragmatics). Language is an arbitrary and changeable set of vocal symbols which are cognitively formulated, and socially used for human natural communication. Linguistic knowledge is knowledge about language which is acquired unconsciously. LINGUISTICS †¢ Linguistics is the scientific or logical examination of any aspect and property of language including the influences of language on any sphere of life. BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS †¢MICRO-LINGUISTICS ïÆ'ËœPhonetics (Fonetik) ïÆ'ËœPhonology (Ses Bilimi) ïÆ'ËœMorphology (Dil Bilimi) ïÆ'ËœSyntax (Sà ¶z dizimi) ïÆ'ËœSemantics (Anlam Bilim) †¢MACRO-LINGUISTICS ïÆ'ËœPragmatics ïÆ'ËœSociolinguistics ïÆ'ËœHistorical-linguistics ïÆ'ËœPsycholinguistics ïÆ'ËœNeurolinguistics ïÆ'ËœAnthropological Linguistics ïÆ'ËœApplied Linguistics APPROACHES TO LINGUISTIC STUDIES †¢Descriptive-Prescriptive †¢Diachronic-Synchronic †¢Reference Grammar †¢Teaching Grammar †¢Theoretical Grammar SCHOOLS OF LINGUISTICS Traditional Linguistics †¢Based on study of Latin †¢Applied to other languages, e.g. English, French †¢19th C. Jacob Grimm, Max Mà ¼ller, Henry Sweet Structural Linguistics †¢Ferdinand De Saussure †¢Linguistics features as abstract system governing speech †¢Langue and parole †¢While language is regarded as language system stored in the mind of its speakers, parole is conceived as the actual language behavior Transformational -Generative Grammar †¢Chomsky †¢Every language has a finite set of rules to produce infinite number of sentences; †¢ Phrase structure rules and generative rules; †¢Deep structure and surface structure; †¢Structure over meaning; †¢Competence and performance.

Figure Skating

Title: Figure skating General Purpose: To inform my audience about figure skating. Specific Purpose: To teach audience the fundamental parts of figure skating Central Idea: In order to do all fantastic figure skating perform, you have to learn the most basic parts of figure skating: to lace skates, fall and get up on skates, skate forward on ice. Introduction I. Attention step: Everyone may has seen on TV the classic â€Å"scratch spin† in figure skating, where the skater draws her arms and a leg in and speeds up tremendously. II.Introduce topic: I am really excited about watching that and I wish I could spin freely on ice as well. III. Credibility statement: According to website Olympic. org, figure skating is an Olympic sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform spins, jumps, footwork and other intricate and challenging moves on ice skates. However, in order to perform all those fantastic techniques, you have to learn the most basic parts of figure skating. IV. Pre view main points/state central idea: Today, I would like to tell you about how to lace your skates, how to fall and get up on skates, and how to skate forward on ice. Transition: First, let me tell you how to lace figure skates correctly because it will make the ice skating experience more enjoyable. ) Body I. Correct lacing of figure skates is very important and must be done a certain way. a. Loosen up the skates and stuff the feet inside the boots b. Tighten up the laces in the first half of the boot. c. Tighten the laces the most where the foot and the ankle bends. This is the most important part of lacing figure skates. Give the laces a good tug at this point and pull hard. d.Next lace around the hooks. Make a criss-cross pattern with the laces and pull with both hands around each hook e. Finish with a double knot on the lace. (Transition: Now we have put on the skates. Next, the important thing we should learn is how to fall and stand up on the ice. ) II. We should practice fal ling and getting up since falling is part of the sport so it's natural that this will happen. ) a. First bend your knees and squat into a  dip  position. b. Now, fall to the side and lean a bit forward as you fall on the ice.Don't lean back, or you may hit your head. c. Put your hands in your lap and not on the ice. If you leave your hands on the ice, another skater could skate over your fingers! d. Now, turn over on your hands and knees. e. Take one foot and place it between your hands. Leave the other foot behind and use its toe picks to stop your feet from sliding by applying pressure to your toes. f. Now, push yourself up and you should be standing on the ice! (Transition: Finally, it’s time to slide on ice. ) III. The last basic step of figure skating is sliding forward. . Put the arms, with the palms facing down, in front on an â€Å"imaginary table† for balance. b. Lean on your weak foot, for example your left foot, then push in a diagonal direction outwards with your strong foot. Pretend as though you're shoveling snow behind and to the right of you. This will propel you forward. c. Then bring the right foot back in next to the left and repeat the process. You should pretend riding a scooter down the street. d. Remember that the toe picks on figure skates are not meant to help with pushing.Use the entire blade to make the skates move. (Transition: That’s all I want to show you today, don’t forget these basic steps when you figure skate. ) Conclusion I. It’s really important to practice lacing skates, falling and standing up, skating forward. II. If you want to â€Å"scratch spin† even jump on ice, you have to master all these basic skills. Just keep in mind it takes a lot of practice and won't happen over night. Works Cited: â€Å"Figure skating†. Olympic. N. d. Web. 4 September 2006. Visual Aids: Figure skates.

Chapter 5 Case Study Stop! Wait! I am pulling down a menu! Essay

Management Information Systems In San Jose, California has the smallest officer-to-resident ratio that is one police officer for 925 residents (Oz, 2009, P. 190). However this city is considered one of the safest larger cities in the US (Oz, 2009, P. 190). This implied that the city offices were efficient and productive and were using the right and better technology and software tools to manage city police, fire communications and dispatching functions. â€Å"The Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) system is a highly specialized application that is designed to facilitate coordinated communication, assignment and tracking of Police and Fire Department resources in response to calls-for service.† (Michael, A. Smith .2004-2005, Santa Clara County Civil Grand jury report) In 2004 City replaced all text based CAD system with new Windows based touch screen system by spending $4.7 million (Oz, 2009, P. 190). However the new CAD system was plagued with problems such as non-user friendly user interface, software bugs, user issues of adapting to new technology, inadequacy of user training, increased difficulty in issuing the Code 99 commands, patrol officers needing longer time to find out whether a person they have stopped has a violent criminal and system crash just two days after the system went live. According to the case study and the Santa Clara County Civil Grand jury report none of the above issue (that cause the failure of the new CAD system) were due to hardware but majority of them were directly related to the application software and the design of the system. (E.g. code 99 command issue, system crash, non-user friendly interface etc.) The other major issue was relating to the lack of user involvement during software design, implementation and inadequacy of user training. That is why Santa Clara County Civil Grand Jury recommended that in future IT project developments City of San Jose management should mandate that representatives from all levels affected by the IT project be included in every stage of specification, development and deployment. (Michael, A. Smith .2004-2005,  Santa Clara County Civil Grand jury report) References; Oz, E. (2009). Management Information Systems. Boston, MA: Course Technology Cengage Learning Michael, A. Smith (2004-2005) Santa Clara County Civil Grand jury report, retrieved from: http://www.911dispatch.com/info/cad/rfp/sj_cad_invest.pdf

Watching the video and answer the following questions Essay

Watching the video and answer the following questions - Essay Example What I liked about the video is the jokes, the humor, the show of intelligence, and the content itself. What is stated in the video is indeed very, very useful, if not practical, for anyone. It is all good, if you ask me. however, what I did not like about the video is the last part where Cleese tried to give some rather harsh, inhuman advice to employers about how to prevent their employees from getting themselves into a creative state. This creative state is a result of a few steps and a number of requirements. The steps are quite simple, and this can be summarized as getting into the open mode (the mode of humor and relaxation) and making a decision in it, switching to the closed mode (the realistic and stressful mode) to implement it, narrowing our focus when we have to implement it, and switching back to the open mode when we have to evaluate it and to buy time before we can decide whether to proceed or not. The requirements for one to be able to get himself into the open mode include space, specific time or making time to be in the open mode, enough time to play with the problem before making a decision, acting with confidence, and punctuating the act with humor. These are actually abstract concepts but at least Cleese has made them half-concrete for the layman to understand. I believe I can follow these instructions to the letter, which means that I will follow them without modifying them to my own advantage. However, before anything else, I should always remember the concepts that Cleese underlined in his speech. One of these is the idea that an open state is when a person is relaxed, less purposeful, contemplative, humorous, playful and curious, and that it is being in this state that one can be creative. Therefore, any environment that is the opposite of these aforementioned qualities must reflect the closed mode, and that

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Assignment Example of the movies made today can be seen only by patrons 13 years or older†, as the total percentage of PG-13 and R-rated 2005 movies (78.4%) is greater than 75%.3-34 e) There appears no association between the twin births (preterm induced or cesarean, preterm without procedures or term or post-term) and the level of the prenatal care (intensive, adequate, or inadequate). As shown in figure in part (d), the distribution (percentage) of the twin births for the level of prenatal care is somewhat similar. This suggests that the twin births and the level of prenatal care are not associated, that is they are independent.4-8 The average (mean) height of the singers is about 68 inches. The range of the heights of the singers is about 16 inches with minimum and maximum height being 60 and 76 inches, respectively. The IQR is about 8 inches. About half of the singers height is equal to or below 68 inches. About 50% of the singers height is in-between 65 to 73 inches. The distribution of the horsepower of auto appears approximately uniform (slightly positively skewed). The median value is about 100 and the IQR is about 45. The range of the horsepower of auto is 90 with minimum and maximum horsepowers being 60 and 155, respectively. c) The president is correct. The null hypothesis is not rejected, as p-value of 0.386 is greater than .05. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that Striving College student medical applicants admitted is different from the 46% of all medical school applicants

Financial Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Project - Assignment Example The extra amount of $ 121,000 was to be taken in form of a loan for repayment in monthly installments. In the event that the loan is to be repaid for 20 years a total of $ 849.52 per month is to be remitted. If the loan is to be repaid in 25 years, a total of $761.22 in form of principal and interest is to be remitted. This means an addition of $ 88.3 would be needed for this increment to result in the repayment being reduced to 20 years. The increment of $ 88.3 means that this figure will be deducted from the extra amount in the pay slip. This will not be on advisable thing to do in the event that one meets his/her monthly expresses with less than $100 left over. A good organization in one`s financial aspects require some money left to cater for emergencies (Roberts and Ralph 2009). This would mean a surplus of $ 11.7 will be what one would be left with. This will not be good especially within a family setting. It is possible for the loan to be repaid in 20 years. The current balance is $ 112,242.47. Refinancing means that one has decided to pay off the accrued loan balance which includes both the principle and interest (Roberts and Ralph 2009). Paying off this loan in 20 years would mean a change in the interest rate or monthly installments. At an interest rate of 5.75%, the total interest to be paid at the end of 20 years would be $ 82,885.05. This means the total amount to be refinanced at the end of 20 years would be 203,885.05. At an interest rate of 4.05%, the total amount in interest to be repaid amounts to $ 55,742.73. Refinancing would require an upfront payment of $ 2,000; this figure would be added on both of these final amounts. This translates to $ 205,888.05 for 5.75% interest rate and $ 178,742.73 for 4.05%. Credit rating is assumed to be the credit worthiness of an individual (Roberts and Ralph 2009). There are specific agencies that are charged with the mandate to judge whether an

Academic Reading-Text Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Academic Reading-Text Analysis - Assignment Example In addition to giving a snapshot of the various ethical concerns embedded in architecture, this report goes further to put into perspective how architects may incorporate ethics in their practice with different stakeholders. Architecture is one of those sensitive professional fields that poses serious negative impacts to the stakeholders involved whenever ethical standards are ignored. Essentially, architectural ethics define the moral responsibility to do the right thing or make the right and best decision on variety of situations as mentioned in the introduction. Architectural work involves the consideration of a rich blend of cultural diversities. This necessitates the need for anyone in this profession to think about the cultural perspectives that may come up at any time in the working environment. This is yet another pointer as to why ethics may be necessary in the architectural profession. Professional ethics will demand that individuals be able to deliver high standards of service in their professional jurisdiction without compromise on grounds of cultural diversities. Architecture, in itself, has an ethical nature. As put clearly, it is one of the processes that are involved in the beautification of man’s natural habitat, to become a better place (Wasserman, Barry, Gregory, and Patrick 13). This provides an avenue for man to find satisfaction, both in the spiritual and emotional context. As such, the architectural professionals are obliged to come to the realization that their profession is not just about following a set of instructions, or doing things for the sake of it. Rather, they need to come to a conscious knowledge that they are actively involved in the process of bringing about fulfilment in human life. They are also a central part of the emotional and spiritual aspects that make life worth living. Ethics, being an integral part of the architectural profession, will, therefore, dictate all the decisions made by anyone in that field.

Journal free writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal free writing - Essay Example The author recalls the memories of his childhood when he was not noticed as a Negro but as a regular boy. He had friends and he was equal to them until a tall girl refused to accept an exchange card from him. Right after that his friends started to notice that he was different. They isolated him due to him being dark. He was left with no one to compete with, in exams and games. People started looking at him with pity as he was an outcast and was judged by his color instead of seeing the beauty of his heart. Du Bois decided not to give up as an outcast and planned on reading law, healing the sick and spreading knowledge. He realized he had the burden of a dark, half named race on his shoulders. Very soon he had learned that to make his place in this world he had to be himself and not someone else. The problem was that he was not only a poor man but a poor race living in a rich country with skilled competitors’. Further on the author states that he does not want to be an America n nor a Negro completely. He wants to learn from America and has Negro blood flowing in his body. He does not want to depart from any. Being an African American, he has one thing common with his ancestors except for his color and hair and that is the number of difficulties faced by them since the fifteenth century and most importantly slavery. Back in the days of slavery, people only desired to be free and to be treated as humans.

Keeping the peace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Keeping the peace - Essay Example The United Nations The purpose of the United Nations is to act as a global governing body through which peace is negotiated and attained. The U.N. has the capacity to help states find peaceful resolutions between nations when there is a dispute or the emergence of a conflict. The ways in which the disputes can be handled through the U.N. include diplomatic settlements, legal decisions, or through third party resolutions in which the dispute is mediated. The concept of non-peaceful means of dispute resolutions is not acceptable under the provisions of belonging to the U.N. According to U.N. Charter 2, section 4, member states are required to settle their disputes through peaceful means in order to continue international peace, security and justice (Ryan, 2000). During the Cold War there was a general disdain for the U.N. by the United States. During the 1980s, this belief in the power of the U.N. for acting on behalf of the world further diminished as the organization could not hold c ontrol over the actions within the Middle East. When Israel invaded southern Lebanon, the United Nations had only a symbolic involvement, the actual withdrawal from Beirut attempted to be negotiated by the Multinational Force which was comprised of the United States, France, and Italy. This failed as the United States began to bomb opposing forces of the Lebanese government. The lesson that should have been learned was one of impartial roles of those who are intended to seek peace between two forces that are in dispute (Ryan, 2000). During the Malvinas/Falklands conflict, the same sort of impartiality was ignored as the British and United States refused to accept peace that did not include the withdrawal of Argentinian forces. Other regions of the world in which the U.N. had little effect upon the establishment of peace were during the Iran/Iraq war, the conflict in Cypress and in the Western Sahara, as well as in Central America. Trying to keep peace in Afghanistan has been histori cally difficult for the U. N (Ryan, 2000). In 1994, Luard and Heater (1994) were asking the question as to whether or not the experiment that is the U.N. had failed. Part of the answer that they provide is that the U.N. holds its principles even though it has not always been able to convince various nations to follow their advice in keeping conflicts to a peaceful negotiation rather than deteriorating into war. However, they did conclude that the U.N. had contributed little in any way that was meaningful to creating peace within the world in the previous years which would include the 1980s (Luard & Heater, 1994). The question then becomes based upon the real purpose that the U.N. can hold in the world if it has no real powers either through persuasion or through law to support the overall peaceful existence between states in the world. Where the U.N. fails, however, other operations that are more closely tied to the states in question have had greater success as they work out the di sputes for which they represent. World Peace Organizations Some of the world peace organizations that have had success in

Moral Integrity in Health Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral Integrity in Health Administration - Essay Example As professionals of the healthcare field, they have been given ethical responsibility of managing the resources effectively. Under different situations, the professionals have to ensure that they make right decisions which will be beneficial for their patients and they should maintain moral integrity in their profession. The most difficult challenge that needs to be addressed is an equal, justified and fair treatment of every patient as there are huge variations in insurance coverage, medical costs, accessibility to healthcare facilities, technology availability and many more. In order to ensure that stewardship is practiced with respect, the professionals have to ensure that they give respect to the patients, families and peers in the entire decision-making process and relationship creation so that all details about treatment procedure are clearly understood by them and they agree with the final decision of the professional. As patients trust the doctors and nurses blindly, the stew ards have to ensure that the members of healthcare facility will abide by the set ethical standards for proper handling of medical procedures. The decisions taken by the professional should be accurate and according to the situation so that the patients trust the care. Decision making should be based upon facts and standard solutions rather than on beliefs and intuitions of the professionals. The ethical code of conduct reflects the sincerity and honesty level of any professional when dealing with providing services to the patients.... In order to ensure that stewardship is practiced with respect, the professionals have to ensure that they give respect to the patients, families and peers in the entire decision making process and relationship creation so that all details about treatment procedure is clearly understood by them and they agree with the final decision of the professional. As patients trust the doctors and nurses blindly, the stewards have to ensure that the members of healthcare facility will abide by the set ethical standards for proper handling of medical procedures. The decisions taken by the professional should be accurate and according to the situation so that the patients trust the care and treatments being provided to them. Decision making should be based upon facts and standard solutions rather than on beliefs and intuitions of the professionals. According to Wheatley (2006), a steward has to embed the value of respect within the ethical code of conduct so that the patients are given fair treatm ent and professionals such as doctors, physicians and nurses show their level of authenticity, self-knowledge, integrity, openness, trust and autonomy. The ethical code of conduct reflects upon the sincerity and honesty level of any professional when dealing with providing services to the patients. Stewards should be well aware of the vision and values of the healthcare and accordingly work towards achieving the vision of the healthcare organization. The stewards should focus on the core values that consist of fairness, integrity and respect for the members of the health care organization so that in return they are given respect for the services they provide to the healthcare organization. The people skills of stewards should be strong so that they can communicate well and also convince

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TOWARDS APPLYING ELECTRONIC- Essay

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TOWARDS APPLYING ELECTRONIC- GOVERNMENT - Essay Example Applying modern technology in governmental operations or what is now called E-Government is a change for modernization in all activities, procedures and governmental treatments. Furthermore, it is simplifying and specifically changing the operations from traditional systems to technical (electronic) systems for raising the level efficiency of administrative work and the standard of performance. This is achieved by computerizing the system to save time, efforts and money in the national standard. Moreover, the computerized government operations are not for a specific category, rather it includes all the citizens and business establishment. This modernization has a number of aspects in its type, mean and models with its procedures and steps to be carried out between the administrative governmental organizations and business sector (Ibrahim 2004). The concept of E-Government is as a way through which the government offers its services to the citizens of its countries and the electronic business sector by making use of modern technology without the applicant service to transfer between the governmental units. Even though, the concept of E-Government has become the name for progress and administrative distinguishing but it faces some conceptual and practical human and environmental challenges which reduces the growth in this field and hinders its application in a correct manner. Therefore, the governmental organizations seeks to achieve the benefits of E-Government through strategic plans to raise the effectiveness of the management in all its aspects and quantitative and species factors (Alhabib 1992). The strategic plan is considered the corner stone of the application of E-Government in the private and public organizations. This strategic plan basically emphasizes the importance of human resource. It aims at getting the efficient individuals to work in different jobs and to benefit from their efforts according to the quantitative and species factors

Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map Essay Example for Free

Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map Essay Balanced Scorecard: Part of a system that translates strategy into action. Also, gives a balanced view in four perspectives of how well an organization is driving execution and how successful the results are. The four perspectives in the balanced scorecard and strategy map give executives a more balanced view of their organization. Strategy Map: Represents how an organization will execute its strategy. The Strategy Map shows the objectives needed to execute the strategy and casual links between objectives. It can also be a tool for clear communication and help identify the â€Å"critical few† metrics to monitor strategic execution. Examples: The first of the four aspects contained in the Balanced Scorecard is the Customers. Finding ways to appeal to your customers can be a tough task, but it is one that has to be assessed. For my company, we will have to differentiate between trying to be the broad differentiator or trying to be the low-cost leader. Customer complaints and concerns can also be an issue, so we will want to monitor and record all of those statements to ensure customer satisfaction. In order for us to succeed financially, we have to make sure that we are presenting ourselves well to our shareholders. Do we want to achieve a certain earnings per share or a certain income figure? Our goal this year may be to break even or reach a certain revenue level. Whichever the case may be, we will have to be firm in what we are trying to accomplish. The financial section of the scorecard looks at the company’s financial goals and how they are meeting the goals both currently and in the future. For my company, it will be the most important metric because we want to show our  shareholders the exact progress and growth of the company accurately. Our company will want to continue to grow and have the ability to adapt and improve. In order to do so, we will have to provide detail metrics to track our growth and expansion if there is any. Metrics may include employee retention rates or even the number of training hours for full-time employees. As an organization, it is necessary to adapt to a changing landscape through employee training, learning, and development. With these metrics we can look into the future of the organization, instead of taking a snapshot of how the organization is performing right now. To satisfy our shareholders and customers, we can either sell a large quantity of items at a low price or focus completely on a high quality product that comes at a premium price. Both strategies could be effective, but we will only be able to choose one to fulfill the vision of what we want the company to be in the future. The Strategy Map and Balanced Scorecard go hand in hand and are vital platforms that all companies need to be successful. I like to compare it to the checks and balances system that our government has had in place since its birth. The balanced scorecard monitors finances, performance, growth, and vision while the strategy map makes sure that all of these metrics are organized and focused towards achieving our companies’ goals. References Person, R. (2013). Accelerating Strategic Performace. In Balanced Scorecards Operational Dashboards With Microsoft Excel (2.nd ed., p. 6, 7, 8). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley ;.

Movie Analysis Of Sunset Boulevard Film Studies Essay

Movie Analysis Of Sunset Boulevard Film Studies Essay Sunset Boulevard, directed by Billy wilder in 1950, is considered to be the greatest film about Hollywood ever put on celluloid by Hollywood. It is a classic black comedy/drama, and perhaps the most acclaimed, but darkest film noir story about behind the scenes Hollywood. Some people describe it as the black pearl of film noir: a macabre movie whose decadent glamour and despair are memorably haunting. The movie combines melodrama and film noir to give us a deliciously scathing satire on the movie making industry. This is why it is still regarded as a landmark of American cinema, even though it has been more than a half century since it was produced. While this film is both entertaining and striking, it is a sad tale of deception, greed, and jealousy. It begins and ends with a dead man floating in the pool of a crumbling old mansion. This movie not only pokes fun at old Hollywood, but also broke new ground with techniques never used before in film. From its legendary opening shot of a man floating dead in a swimming pool, Sunset Boulevard seizes our attention and doesnt let go until its equally famous closing shot. In fact, the movie opens with a jolt: the bullet-riddled body of a young man is seen floating face down in the pool next to a mansion. Then the ghostly voice of Joe Gillis recounts the events leading up to his death, which are shown in flashback until ending with the final scene: A completely deranged Norma Desmond descending a staircase in front of newsreel cameras. She is once again in the spotlight, even if she is unable to comprehend why, and Max, who is positioning the cameras, is directing her for one final time. Despite their apparent differences, Joe and Norma are two of a kind both are vain mediocrities who think they are better than what they are, and who seriously believe that they are destined for a better future, but they are obviously doomed. Sunset Boulevard is a movie made in Hollywood that is about making movies in Hollywood, this is why it is self referential. It critiques Hollywoods star system. In fact, the main female character of the film (Norma Desmond) plays a washed up actress from the silent age of Hollywood. She lives in a world of delusion where her fans still remember her, and where her old director Cecil B. DeMille will produce the wretched script that she is writing. Her eccentric behavior and her neurotic tendencies seem to know no limits. In this main female character the movie exposes a sad picture of the dark side of the star system: The star system exploits an artists skill, but when that actor or actress becomes obsolete, or lose their appeal to the public, the system would cut them free. At the end of the movie, she commits murder to protect her fantasy. This film expresses a cynical attitude toward Hollywood, by showing the main character of the film face down in his dream pool; killed, in a roundabout way by the Hollywood system. The dead man, we find out, is Joe Gillis, a Hollywood script writer, and also the narrator of this tale. Then Gillis takes us on a journey of how he got there through bad creditors, a car chase, a dead monkey and a very well timed landing at the home of Norma Desmond.   With that, the film can be seen as a look at the writer and the game of writing and filmmaking in Hollywood. It depicts a lack of respect for the art of writing, and the lack of humanity in the Hollywood system. From a technical standpoint, Sunset Boulevard is not a ground-breaking film, but Wilder uses the films visual elements to good effect. Normas mansion is shown in all of its crumbling, gothic glory, as well as the fishs eye shot of Joe in the pool. These are memorable moments that give the movie a special characteristic that makes it different from others, without forgetting the perfect musical accompaniment. The acting is flawless, with each actor fully inhabiting the skin of his or her character. And the camera work and music are effortlessly wed to the projects other aspects. The movie represents the center stone in Billy Wilders glittering cinematic tiara. Finally, we can say that Sunset Boulevard is a prototype of film noir. And no other motion picture about Hollywood comes near Billy Wilders searing, uncompromising and utterly fascinating portrait of the film community. That is why there has never been or will there ever be another movie like Sunset Boulevard in all of cinemas history.

Industry Analysis: Soft Drinks

Industry Analysis: Soft Drinks Submitted by:- Prof. K G SahadevanRishi Singh Tuhin Kanti Mondal Sunita Seetharam Contents Disclaimer Contents Table of Figures Executive Summary Introduction Market Analysis Market characteristics and major players Market characteristics and major players Market analysis Consumer Behaviour Porter’s Five Forces Conclusion Reference Table of Figures Figure 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Figure 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Figure 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Figure 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Figure 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Figure 6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Figure 7†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Figure 8†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Figure 9†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Figure 10..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Figure 11..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Figure 12..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Executive Summary The soft drinks industry includes carbonated as well as the non-carbonated drinks. The industry leaders are Coca-Cola and Pepsi. This industry is unique in the sense that the product is bought primarily for the brand image of the company rather that the utility of the product. The purpose of a carbonated drink can well be served by a glass of water or lemonade. The companies strive to capture market share through extensive advertising and branding. The carbonated drinks were perceived as a health concern so the companies introduced non carbonated drinks like juices. The firms in this industry exercise tight control over the suppliers and compete on price to get customers. The industry is very competitive and makes it very difficult for a small player to exist. The bigger firms have an advantage due to economies of scale. Introduction Soft drink industry has been a successful growth for a long time. In recent years, the sales of basic soft drinks have been depreciated highly due to increment of health awareness, change in consumer behaviour towards other varieties of soft drinks etc. But all over the changes have been directed net positive increment in sales due affinity of consumers towards juice and bottled drinking and mineral water. The big players of original soft drinks like Coke, Pepsico etc. are acquiring or diversifying their products toward juice and mineral water industry. They are doing product extension as well (ex. Diet Pepsi, Coke Zero etc.) to remain competitive in the market. The definition of classic soft drink can be expressed as follows: Sometimes soft drink may contain alcohol but the within the limit of 0.5%. The carbonated water is made in two ways. It is either using soda siphon or by home carbonation system. The latter one is made by putting dry ice on water. In modern industry, carbondioxide is used instead of dry ice. The carbondioxide is pressured and mixed with water with high pressure. The type of soft drinks decide the addition of colour and customised flavours which distinggishes one from another. The soft drinks can be categories in the following way: Figure 3 Classification of Soft Drinks Market Analysis The market volume of soft drink industry in India in 2013 was 11,755 liters, showing a growth of 170% compared to 4369 liters in 2008. As far as predicted growth rate is concerned, market is showing around 19% growth annually. For product wise analysis, it shows that 20% annual growth rate for next year five in bottled water while the carbonated drink shows. The same figure for juice is 21%. Interestingly, the annual growth rate of carbonated drink is only 10%. This increment will come from mostly due to penetration in rural market while there is considerable decrement in sales in urban area. But if we put the percentage growth, then juice shows more than 100% growth. Market characteristics and major players The soft drink industry market can be analysed using three economic factors. These are market size, growth rate and overall profitability. As compared to hard drink, soft drink contains a share of around 48% in no-alcoholic industry. But the as discussed earlier, the market of carbonated soft drink is shrinking due to the awareness of people for their health. Figure 6 Change in consumer behaviour toward non-alcoholic drinks The above graph is an example that how the consumer’s mindset has been changed from taste to health. It is to observe that sport drinks and bottled water have seen around 40% of growth whereas packet juice along with carbonated soft drink have faced a sharp decline even upto 20%. For example, if the sales of the largest leader is considered then a tentative area-wise sales’ trend is as follows: Figure 7 year-wise change in sales of Coke in different areas From the chart it is evident the increment in sales in year 2010 and 2011 were a world-wide event. But in a growing world like Europe and North America, the sales of Coke is decreasing for last two years. In other side, Pacific and Latin America are showing positive % change of sales over previous year. This discrepancy between growing world and grown world is mostly due to difference in level of education, crave of foreign money by growing world, socio-political difference. Evidently, the soft drink companies are depending mostly on third world market for increment of sales of their original products. Market characteristics and major players The driver for most downstream operations in the soft drink industry is the syrup production. Thus, the CSD industry is largely dependent on the syrup producer. The product life cycle for soft drinks moves as follows: Figure 8 Soft Drinks Industry Supply Chain Market analysis The top three brands in the soft drink industry had a 35 percent share of the market in 2011, According to the latest report from IBIS World. This industry is fiercely competitive. Small companies must conduct soft drink market research competitor analysis to know their current positions in the marketplace. These types of data help small organizations know which strategies are best for their products. Soft drink producers or distributors are not just competing with other soft drink manufacturers. They also must consider competitors in the functional soft drink sector, which includes sports drinks and health-oriented drinks. Figure 9 Soft Drinks industry market share Despite being the world’s two weakest performing regions in 2008, Western Europe and North America continue to hold the maximum revenue for soft drinks industry in the world. Together, they account for over half the total sales of the industry. This shows one of the major strategic problems faced by soft drinks companies globally – while second and third tier markets are showing a steeper growth curve in terms of revenue, their total market share remains small relative to developed markets. Figure 10 Soft Drinks by region Critically, the industry needs to continue investments in high-yield regions of the developed nations and at the same time strengthen their foothold in the emerging market economies. This poses a huge challenge at the time of adverse macroeconomic conditions. Consumer Behaviour Global consumption of soft drinks is said to be rising by around 7% a year, much faster than the growth rate of many other industries. Consumer behaviour for soft drinks is largely volatile and there is very little brand loyalty to be found among consumers. But despite the choices given, a section of consumers tend to stick to one particular choice of CSD. The reason for this has less to do with taste, and more to do with subtle and careful marketing on the part of soft drink makers. The choice of a soda is as much about who you are as what you want to drink. Soda makers calibrate every aspect of their marketing- from their packaging, to their slogans, to the music that plays over their commercials- to create an identity around their products. Porter’s Five Forces Figure 11 Performance of Coke and Pepsi USD $ in millions The above chart shows the quarterly performance of the two biggest companies in this industry. It is evident from this chart that the revenue of Coca-Cola is much lesser than Pepsi, however the former has higher net income. The scale of the revenue generated by these companies gives a glimpse of the huge market. However a new entrant would find it very difficult to enter the market due to the high market share captured by these two companies. The large difference between the revenues and the net income shows the magnitude of the costs involved. Figure 12 Financial Analysis The increasing debt to equity ratio indicates that the biggest players are changing their funding profiles. This would be very difficult for a new firm to replicate. Conclusion From the above analysis, we found that the there was a huge change in the trend of sales of product in Soft Drink industry. We have seen that there were huge sales of traditional soft drinks earlier. But eventually the sales decreased due to rise in consciousness of people about health and increment in number of people suffering from different diseases and obesity which was partially caused by those drink. Big manufacturing companies are doing product extension in energy drink, juice etc or doing product diversification like Chips, snacks etc. The industry has strong entry barriers and the suppliers do not hold much control. The buyers however are very price sensitive and are brand loyal till other factors like taste, content etc. remain constant. References Seth, P. (02.10.2008.). slideshare. In Soft Drink Industry. Retrieved Feb 10, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/sethaphat/soft-drink-industry-presentation. Anonymous. (n.d.). sbtdc. In How to conduct an Industry Analysis. Retrieved Feb 10, 2015, from http://www.sbtdc.org/pdf/industry_analysis.pdf. Anonymous. (n.d.). changeabsolutions. In A Guide To Soft Drink Industry. Retrieved Feb 10, 2015, from http://changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/ChangeLab-Beverage_Industry_Report-FINAL_%28CLS-20120530%29_201109.pdf. Karimi, S. (n.d.). ehow. In How To Write An Industry Analysis. Retrieved Feb 10, 2015, from http://www.ehow.com/how_4811458_write-industry-analysis.html. Abraham, S. (n.d.). writing.uscb. In How To Do An Industry And Competitive Analysis. Retrieved Feb 10, 2015, from http://www.writing.ucsb.edu/faculty/holms/109EC__industry.pdf. 1 | Page Maximal versus Submaximal Oxygen Consumption | Results Maximal versus Submaximal Oxygen Consumption | Results Bree Dela Rosa Results       Table 1.   Estimated VO2 max versus the measured VO2 max of a 28-year-old male college student performing a YMCA Cycle Test. Watts Heart Rate (HR) Estimated VO2 Max Measured VO2 Max Stage 1 50 82 Stage 2 100 103 Stage 3 125 115 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage8 Stage 9 150 200 250 300 350 400 131 142 156 167 173 180 35.7 ml/kg/min 52.1 ml/kg/min *HR = Heart Rate; VO2 = Oxygen Consumption Male participants predicted VO2 max is 35.7 ml/kg/min and the observed value is 52.1 ml/kg/min. The predicted value was statistically not significant from the observed value, 16 ml/kg/min. Questions   Was the estimated VO2max from the submaximal exercise significantly (more than 5 ml/kg/min) different from the measured at the end of the max test? What are some possible reasons for the difference? The estimated VO2 max from the submaximal test was 35.7 ml/kg/min, and the measured VO2 max was 52.1 ml/kg/min on the gold standard, and it is statistically not significant from the estimated VO2 value of 16.4 ml/kg/min. One possible reason can mean that the predicted heart rate during the test, 180 beats per minute, was not near the actual max heart rate of 192 beats per minute. Are there any assumptions that you are familiar of that you think that they have been or have not been met during the submaximal exercise test? One assumption that was not met during the submaximal is that the male college students steady state heart rate was not measured during the test at each exercise work rate after three-minute increments. Also, the difference between the actual heart rate of 192 beats per minute and 180 beats per minute is not minimal. Lastly, I was not aware if the participant took any medication, consumed high caffeine such as coffee or soda, was ill, and possibly stressed within the last week which may have altered his heart rate. Some assumptions that were met during the submaximal test were that there was a linear relationship between heart rate and work rate. The mechanical efficiency is the same for everyone because the participant was biking normally with his arms. What are the reasons that you might choose a submaximal exercise test over a maximal exercise test and vice versa? Provide at least three advantages and disadvantages. A submaximal and maximal test can be performed on either a treadmill or a cycle ergometer. A treadmill test is used to the exam for either running or walking, which requires no experience for participants. Be sure to consider your limitations as well. For example, if you recently suffered a heart attack and are obese, this may not be an option for you, and you must get cleared by your primary care provider. A cycle ergometer is one of the more common tests that individuals use that requires no specialized training at all, and the activity is not weight bearing. However, you need someone to administer the test for you. Submaximal tests will help indicate the level of oxygen consumption, the measure of aerobic fitness, and the record of your heart rate response during bouts of an exercise. As intensity increases, your heart rate will increase as well. According to ACE (American Council of Exercise), one single session of exercise can provide an excellent representation to indicate your current state of fitness without the use of expensive equipment or technology. Also, the submaximal test can track your progress over time through a consistent workout program. This inexpensive test is prescribed most commonly by clinicians to help diagnose cardiovascular disease (CAD). If you want to calculate, your maximal heart rate, use the formula 220 Age. Some disadvantages are that the small measurement can allow discrepancies in the results. A maximal test would be used to measure the direct oxygen consumption and maximum heart rate and the amount of carbon dioxide you expend during the test. Also, your heart rate and blood pressure are being monitored by a technician or by an exercise physiologist, and sometimes a physician to supervise. One disadvantage to this test that it is the high cost of each test, time-consuming, and is used correctly to measure aerobic power in athletes. Which one do you think is more applicable to a clinical population and why? I would recommend using a submaximal test if an individual or client of mine wants to focus on endurance training. I think the submaximal test would be more applicable to people who suffer from cardiovascular disease and those who are not exposed to exercise that often. It would be more appropriate for the individual to know where he or she stands on the fitness spectrum before going straight into a vigorous activity. I can use a treadmill test to increase the elevation and or a bike test to increase resistance. The speed, on the other hand, remains constant throughout the duration of the test and heart rate is continually monitored after every incremental increase. The submaximal test stops when your heart rate reaches 85 percent of your max heart rate and or you feel like you cannot continue anymore.

Racism is Unacceptable Essay examples -- Racial Prejudice Discriminati

Racism is Unacceptable From the beginning of recorded history, possibly before then, humans have found a necessity for classifying and categorizing every aspect of life. This need for order has been used to efficiently organize and clarify the endless details on Earth. This arrangement of objects in groups has also created a very sinister and volatile mindset that some people live by. This associative manner of classification has lead to the formation of beliefs in race identities, stereotypes, and superiority in the form of racism. Racism is contempt for people who have physical characteristics different from your own (Nanda and Warms 1). This concept is often combined with what is called racialism. Racialism is an ideology based on the following suppositions: There are biologically fixed races; different races have different moral, intellectual, and physical characteristics (Nanda and Warms 1). This is the ideal that many people engage in consciously and the way some people think without even realizing i t. The only way to overcome this derogatory belief system is to define the meanings and misunderstandings of racial differences. Race is the term for classifications of people based on opinions about physical characteristics and differences between groups of individuals. The problem with this is that these differences do not really provide distinctions between ancestral lineages. In fact, these subtle differences between so called races, like broadened noses, physical structure, and skin color, are the results of environmental circumstances encountered by early nomadic human groups as they moved and settled in new territories. These traits are the products of many thousands of years of genetic hit or miss. Some of these... ... not curious about the skin colors, hair textures, bodily structures, and facial features associated with racial background (Rensberger 57). As a result of this, we can only hope that by not tolerating this type of thinking in our children and not being part of it with our associates we can help make racism an unpopular and unacceptable way of life. Works Cited 1. Keita, S. O. Y. and Kittles, Rick A. â€Å"The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence.† American Anthropologist. 99 (September 1997): 534- 542. 2. Nanda, Serena and Warms, Richard L. Cultural Anthropology. Belmont, CA: West/ Wadsworth, 1998. 3. Rensberger, Boyce. â€Å"Racial Odyssey.† Science Digest. (January/ February 1981) Reprint. 57- 63. 4. Wachtel, Paul L. Race in the Mind of America: Breaking the Vicious Circle between Blacks and Whites. New York: Routledge, 1999.

My Worldview: Answers to the Questions of Origin, Purpose ,and Destiny

A worldview is a personal insight about the reality and meaning of life. We all see ourselves through a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and values. Each persons worldview develops overtime as he or she experiences new events and interacts with the world that surrounds them. A worldview provides the answers to one’s origin, purpose, and destiny. Religion has a powerful influence on one’s worldview. For the Christian, the filter for which all information is processed is shaped by the truths found in God. The truth of God cannot be ignored as God has revealed himself in many ways. The Scripture is one way that God reveals himself to humankind. The Bible is God’s written revelation to humankind. There is a central theme that flows from the beginning to the end of the Bible. That theme is one of redemption and is key to my worldview. The first chapter of the Bible tells us, â€Å" In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Genesis 1:1 New International Version). Let us start here, in the beginning, as we start to form a worldview based on Biblical facts. The universe did not simply appear out of nothing. God is the Creator of the universe and all that exists in the universe; including humankind. Because God is the creator, he is self-existent and is therefore greater than anything that was created. God has a Creator-creature relationship with humankind. Through creation God revealed his divine nature to humankind. He is infallible, truthful, just, holy, omnipresence, omniscience, and omnipotent. The will of God speaks to the sovereign authority God has over creation. God is in control of everything that happens. God formed a covenant with creation in which all creation was promised eternal life in exchange for obedien... ...s from our sins and to save us from going to hell. Because God also gave us free will, we have to make the decision to spend eternity in heaven and we need to make that decision before it is too late. My worldview has been a long and personal journey. I have not always lived with the Spirit in my heart. I have always believed in God but have not always had a strong relationship with God. A walk through the Word of God has shown me that God has always had a plan and has always taken the first steps in having a relationship with me. I see through my worldview that the Bible lays out God’s plan for my redemption. Through God’s redemption I now have a worldview that supplies the answers to the questions of origin, purpose ,and destiny. Works Cited Zondervan NIV Study Bible. Fully rev. ed. Kenneth L. Barker, gen. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008. Print. My Worldview: Answers to the Questions of Origin, Purpose ,and Destiny A worldview is a personal insight about the reality and meaning of life. We all see ourselves through a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and values. Each persons worldview develops overtime as he or she experiences new events and interacts with the world that surrounds them. A worldview provides the answers to one’s origin, purpose, and destiny. Religion has a powerful influence on one’s worldview. For the Christian, the filter for which all information is processed is shaped by the truths found in God. The truth of God cannot be ignored as God has revealed himself in many ways. The Scripture is one way that God reveals himself to humankind. The Bible is God’s written revelation to humankind. There is a central theme that flows from the beginning to the end of the Bible. That theme is one of redemption and is key to my worldview. The first chapter of the Bible tells us, â€Å" In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Genesis 1:1 New International Version). Let us start here, in the beginning, as we start to form a worldview based on Biblical facts. The universe did not simply appear out of nothing. God is the Creator of the universe and all that exists in the universe; including humankind. Because God is the creator, he is self-existent and is therefore greater than anything that was created. God has a Creator-creature relationship with humankind. Through creation God revealed his divine nature to humankind. He is infallible, truthful, just, holy, omnipresence, omniscience, and omnipotent. The will of God speaks to the sovereign authority God has over creation. God is in control of everything that happens. God formed a covenant with creation in which all creation was promised eternal life in exchange for obedien... ...s from our sins and to save us from going to hell. Because God also gave us free will, we have to make the decision to spend eternity in heaven and we need to make that decision before it is too late. My worldview has been a long and personal journey. I have not always lived with the Spirit in my heart. I have always believed in God but have not always had a strong relationship with God. A walk through the Word of God has shown me that God has always had a plan and has always taken the first steps in having a relationship with me. I see through my worldview that the Bible lays out God’s plan for my redemption. Through God’s redemption I now have a worldview that supplies the answers to the questions of origin, purpose ,and destiny. Works Cited Zondervan NIV Study Bible. Fully rev. ed. Kenneth L. Barker, gen. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008. Print.

Power is a theme widely explored throughout the play Macbeth

Society is influenced strongly by both power and tyranny. We see in the media headlines exposing stories about extremist leaders like Muammar Gaddafi and Saddam Husein, who fuelled by the ambitions of power, lead countries into tyranny. So is it a coincidence that Shakespeare portrayed a play to characterise these men? Macbeth, is a play depicting a Scottish general who at the beginning is introduced as a hero, however driven by power and supernatural occurrences, we witness his downfall and eventual death. It is widely discussed whether Shakespeare is still relevant, in which I believe that throughout the play Macbeth, many issues still affecting us today were concepts Shakespeare had created. Power is a theme widely explored throughout the play Macbeth, â€Å"Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor, greater than both, by the all- hail hereafter.† Spoken by Lady Macbeth she uses positive adjectives to praise and acknowledge Macbeth’s statuses, by using short choppy phrases she encourages Macbeth to obtain the title of ‘king’, making the temptation to murder Duncan even more irresistible. Reinforcing the idea of power is Macbeth, â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, that o’erleaps itself and falls on the other,† through the use of personification, Macbeth’s ambitious need for power is represented as something great enough to overthrow Duncan. Macbeth describes his ambition as being ‘vaulting’, however is aware that through murder follows the endless possible punishments, however Macbeth sees the temptation as being too great. Similar to this is the incidents occurring in Libya, where at the age of 27, Muammar Gaddafi overthrew the Libyan king, when he was at his most vulnerable in Turkey seeking medical treatment. In the play Macbeth, power is shown as something that may lead to the downfall or destruction of anyone who seeks it for their own personal success. In comparison to this statement is the story of Saddam Husein, the former president of Iraq, who murdered all of his opposition in order to defend his title and remain the one with the most power. However due to these inhumane acts was charged with crimes against humanity and mass murder, which eventually led to his execution. Enhancing this idea of power is the theme of tyranny. Unlike Duncan who brought order and justice to Scotland, Macbeth led Scotland as a tyrannical leader. He defied order- the Great Chain of Being, a Christian concept which was based around a divinely planned hierarchical order- which was shown through the use of imagery of the storm, chaos, murder and the supernatural. â€Å"The night has been unruly†¦ Some say the Earth was feverous and did shake.† Lennox explains to Macbeth that on that particular night things had seemed very unnatural, this symbolising that bad times were to come. Another literary technique used is foreshadowing, the unnatural occurrences foreshadow Duncan’s gruesome murder as well as the treachery Macbeth will bring to Scotland. In comparison to this is when Malcolm, son of Duncan, overthrows Macbeth. â€Å"Hail king! For so thou art. Behold where stands thus usurpers cursed head. The time is free.† Macduff happily announces Macbeth’s death, receiving vengeance for his brutally murdered family and the return of peace to Scotland, where ‘banquets are free of violent murders, nights are peaceful and honours are received freely.’ This contrast between kingship and tyranny is an important part of the play Macbeth, it also reflects Iraq both before and after Saddam Husein’s corruptive rule. Many supported his execution, former U.S. President George W. Bush conveying his opinion that Saddam Husein deserved the ‘ultimate justice’. Shakespeare has used language and dramatic techniques to convey a series of themes that still affect us today. Power and tyranny are outlined throughout his play Macbeth and in modern society these issues still affect us, in the example of the two extremist leader’s Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi and ex- president of Iraq Saddam Husein. Thus, it gives us reason to believe that Shakespeare is still very much relevant today and that his themes will forever remain both universal and eternal.

Different Definitions of Good Health

In this section I would be focusing on the ways people interpret health and welfare. Health is defined differently by individual, communities and countries, these ways may be defined either positive or negative. The World Health Organisation The World Health Organisation (WHO) had defined health in being â€Å"a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† This definition is a negative approach to health because the definition is vague and can categorised everyone as being unhealthy. In my opinion I find the WHO definition in being unrealistic and unachievable because the definition states, â€Å"absence of disease or infirmity.† As human being we all have one point in our health had gotten the flu. The WHO excluding ‘disease’ and ‘infirmity’ would classify us all as being unhealthy. Another reason why I disagree with this definition is that someone with a disease or illness can maintain a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. For example, a patient with diabetes would still be in a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. Not everyone with a disease or illness would lose their complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RvGXLF3uxd0C&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=seedhouse+health+a+commodity&source=bl&ots=f4etwSpSrA&sig=m9CREsjnSqFb0QcahH_mhwPlNO8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0IMyVM2eG87PaLeigZAI#v=onepage&q=seedhouse%20health%20a%20commodity&f=false (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4163 (accessed on 09/10/2015) David Seedhouse 2009 David Seedhouse described health and welfare being an â€Å"equivalent to the set of conditions that enable a person to work to fulfil his/her realistic chosen and biological potential†. The definition is positive approach to health because Seedhouse states â€Å"work to fulfil his/her realistic chosen and biological potential.† This would give us the idea that health is a normal process and illnesses can occur without our will. There are a majority of individuals unfortunately that inherit diseases that may have incredible result on how they carry on with their ordinary life. For example a person with a hearing or visual impairment may fulfil his/her potential in exam within the physical constraints would not be considered unhealthy because the person may not hear or see very well. Although Seedhouse definition is vague, I agree with the concept of it; healthier people are more able to do what they desire because they have fewer constraints. The constraints can be psychological, biological or social. A biological constraint can be our organs, cells or tissues. Whilst a psychological constraint can be emotions, cognitions and motivation. A social constraint is our family, friends, community and society. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/health/defining-what-health-is.php#ixzz3o61QlKFV (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.moteclife.co.uk/docs/Education/Concept%20of%20Health.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/87.full.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) Channel 4 Channel 4 defines health in three ways; negative, positive and holistic. According to Channel 4 the negative definition of health is â€Å"free from illness, upset, tiredness, or anything else that might be a symptom of not being in good health.† This isn’t an accurate definition for health in my opinion because if you are upset doesn’t mean you are not in â€Å"good health.† Majority of people are upset for a short period of time, so stating that being upset, which is an emotion, as bad health is not truthful. Benedict Carey had stated that tears are good for reducing our stress levels, removes toxins, kills bacteria, releases our feelings and surprisingly helps us see. This further proves that being upset is good for our health. Positive health is defined by Channel 4 as someone informing another person â€Å"who has recently taken up a sport and say: ‘you look very healthy’. This definition demonstrates the effectiveness of taking up a spo rt because of the words â€Å"very healthy† helps draw that picture. Read also Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet I would agree with this definition for health because exercising benefits us and improves our health. This is because in situation where someone would need to run or defend themselves, it would be essential to exercise. Taking up a sport would also benefit a person emotionally and socially because team work can increase social circle, have more friends, and emotionally can lower stress level. Channel 4 defines holistic as being â€Å"physically very fit and free from illness, they could still have emotional problems.† This meaning that in order to be healthy you would need to be ‘physically fit’ and have no illnesses, such as the flu or diabetes. I agree with that you would need to be physically fit because exercising or taking up a sport would help strengthen the body and lower the risk of diseases, such as coronary heart disease and cancer. http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/beyondblue/2011/02/7-ways-tears-and-crying-heal.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/fitness/Pages/Whybeactive.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.channel4learning.com/sites/gcsease/health_social/2_1_detail.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) Medical News Today Medical News Today (MNT) had defined health in two aspect; mental health and physical health. According to MNT mental health â€Å"refers to the absence of mental illness.† Although the definition is vague, it still is a positive definition of health because it defines mental health in being without a disorder. If someone can cope with the usual stresses of life, they can work efficiently and productively and is able to support their community means they have good mental health. An example would be a student coping with exams. MNT also defines physical health in a positive way because the definition states that physical health is the â€Å"regular physical activity (exercise), good nutrition, and adequate rest.† I agree with the definition because nutrition, rest and exercise is essential for good health. If someone doesn’t eat a balance diet, they are more likely to be malnourished. Regular exercise is important since it benefits people socially, mentally and physical. In this case our body would be healthier and stronger. An adequate rest is essential for work effort because the correct hours of sleep would result on better work effort. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php (accessed on 09/10/2015) Culture Health The word culture is associated with the norms and values that are shared in a particular group or society. These norms and values can shape our views on what is acceptable and what is not. For example; Somalia culture forbids people from drinking alcohol, whilst it is seen perfectly alright in Czech Republic to drink an excessive amount of alcohol. This is negative definition of health because of the affect alcohol has on a person’s physical, emotional and social development. There has been research to show that the ethnic minority groups in Britain experience disadvantages and discrimination when receiving treatment in a healthcare setting, such as hospitals. They would experience poorer health, which would reduce their health expectancy and have more of a risk in long-term health problems, such as sickle cell. The government had set up health campaigns, like Change 4 Life, which aims to tackle obesity in households with children. However, the information presented in health campaigns has a lack of knowledge and understandings for other cultures.

Gender Imbalance in Singapore Boardrooms Essay

The recent debate over the increasingly persistent issue of under-representation of women on boards in Singapore has shed light on the underlying problems in Singapore’s work sphere. While the country has evolved into a first-world economy, it has ironically and stubbornly retained the tradition of male-dominated upper-management—so much that a recent study found it to be even behind less-developed economies in terms of the percentage of women holding directorships on the boards of listed companies. In Singapore, this phenomenon seems to be caused by the lack of preexisting culture of female leaders, and the perception of females being suited to the domestic sphere rather than the office as well as of women being reticent, resulting in a general reluctance to appoint women onto boards. Currently, the pressing issue concerns the steps to be taken in response to this problem. Perhaps the most drastic of them would be the implementation of quotas, as adopted by various European countries (e.g. France, Italy and the Netherlands). The argument for this is that this â€Å"creates an impetus to create diversity† (Marleen Dieleman, NUS) and is crucial for progress, backed by statistics showing that companies with higher percentages of females on their boards have indeed performed better in relation to their counterparts with lower percentages. Indeed, diversity is a crucial element for progress in today’s globalized and fast-paced society; the wider the variety of personalities within a company’s workforce, the higher its likelihood of constantly developing innovative ideas and solutions, and hence the more successful it becomes. The mix of personalities also enables it to consider and amalgamate a variety of viewpoints for every issue at hand, allowin g it to come up with feasible solutions that appeal to multiple groups of people. Despite this, implementing quotas inevitably gives rise to a range of problems. Quotas fail to take into account the different needs of various sectors; for example, the nature of certain industries is such that there is inherently a much higher percentage of males in relation to females, hence it is only natural for company boards to consist mainly of males. Upsetting this balance will only lead to inefficiency, as talents may not be fully utilized as a result of such quotas. Economically wise, setting quotas would also upset the balance of demand and supply in the free market achieved by the ‘invisible hand’, causing a loss of societal welfare. Implementing a minimum percentage of females that is higher than the existing figure inevitably causes a surplus of candidates vying for a fixed number of board positions, resulting in many existing candidates’ inability to secure a position and hence giving rise to problems such as an inefficient allocation of jobs and p ossibly higher unemployment. This would be particularly detrimental to Singapore as competition for jobs is already stiff due to its large labour force and small economy. Given its major limitations, quotas are only applicable to Singapore in the short run, and cannot be implemented as a permanent measure. Another possible solution is for the government to encourage voluntary target-setting by companies, under the assumption that companies would take up the initiative and responsibility of implementing this measure. The idea is to cultivate incentive and instill the culture of appointing more females onto the board in the long run. For example, the 30 per cent Club in the UK—consisting of a group of chairmen from prominent global companies—voluntarily commits to bringing more women onto its companies’ boards with a self-declared target of 30 per cent, serving as a concrete example that companies with more women on their boards are still able to perform well financially. Such a measure would be both beneficial and sustainable in the long run, as it allows companies themselves to realize the benefits of appointing more female leaders, thus instilling initiative in them to continue doing so, rather than forcing them to do so via the implementation of quotas. However, statistics seem to indicate that Singapore lacks the culture of appointing women to leadership positions—the percentage of females on executive boards have consistently remained below 7% over the years, despite females making up over 40% of the workforce since 2001. Rather, the stereotype of women as ‘domestic homemakers’ still prevails—a recent study found that the 3 organisations (out of 65) that have at least half of their boardrooms made up of female directors are under industries traditionally dominated by females due to their characteristic of ‘caretaking.’ Given local circumstances, implementing the policy of voluntary target-setting would be rather ineffective, as no company would take up the initiative to change its inherent mindset and practice. Hence, while the policy is ideal, it is not yet ingrained in Singapore’s culture and needs to be cultivated in the long run. In this case, temporary quotas of around 15% should be imposed temporarily to kick start the system; thereafter, assuming that research proves true and companies start performing better under a higher percentage of female board directors, they would then be automatically motivated to keep up this practice in order to achieve even better results in the future. At the same time, additional measures should be implemented to minimize the problems of self-efficacy common amongst women in general. Studies have shown women to be naturally more reserved and reticent than their male counterparts and are thus less likely to apply for or get appointed to leadership positions. Nevertheless, studies have also shown that extraversion is a characteristic that can be trained and adopted at any point in one’s life; hence, the solution to this problem lies in grooming women to be more effective leaders—for example, letting experienced directors take them under their wings. This would allow women to be better equipped for leadership positions and also cause companies to be more willing to appoint them onto boards, thereby developing a culture of a higher percentage of women heading executive boards in Singapore. While there is a possibility of the unwillingness of experienced directors to take on such a responsibility, the government can introduce incentives (such as monetary compensation) to effectively induce initiative in these directors. In conclusion, in order for the issue to be solved in Singapore, a long-term mindset change must be implemented. Quotas can be used as a catalyst to start the ball rolling; however, it can only ever be a short-term measure as it will inevitably lead to inefficiency and dissent in the long term. Thereafter, the government should encourage voluntary target-setting by companies, coupled with additional measures to ensure that women are well-trained to be effective leaders, thereby enabling women to be sufficiently represented while maintaining the efficiency of companies.

Internet Mental Health Issues Essay

Mental health services conducted on the Internet have been described as e-therapy, online counseling, e -mail therapy, Internet-based therapy, and similar terminology. Online therapy services may be provided as an adjunct to more traditional forms of mental health treatment, or may be initiated without any offline contact between the therapist and client. Currently, there are a variety of websites providing links and information regarding online therapy. As I was reading about benefits and risks in using internet as a source for mental health services, I realized that there are a lot of factors that make it a controversial issue. There are many pro and con to its benefits. Some Pros are the convenience of a client, Flexibility in scheduling, Anonymous and private, Access to those with physical disabilities; emotionally safe environment on of my biggest issues is making use of the time-delay (email) to work on issues. Appeal to those who are shy, uncomfortable with face-to-face treatment and make them feel more those who are shy more comfortable. Some disadvantages are Privacy, security and privilege cannot be guaranteed, Lack of patient skills to use the Absence of face-to-face therapy relationship, Lack of behavioral cues may lead to problems in treatment and most importantly is Urgent, crises, or suicidal issues may not receive immediate and appropriate attention. I work in a Community clinic where we offer many treatments one of them is therapy also. As I came across this assignment I ask one of our doctors what they believed. One of the doctors sends in miner cases it could be useful as long as is a well program with credentials and the issues are not really serious. At this time we are transitioning from paper charts to computers so most of the time there sitting in front of the computer typing away while the patient is speaking. It made me realized that in a way internet and mental services are becoming more and more essential for each  other. When I was reading the website for American Psychological Association it provided me the ethics they have to fallow when they provide service public advice or comment via print, Internet or other electronic transmission, they take precautions to ensure that statements (1) are based on their professional knowledge, training or experience in accord with appropriate psychological literature and practice; (2) are otherwise consistent with this Ethics Code; and (3) do not indicate that a professional relationship has been established with the recipient. I believe in conclusion we could benefit from these services as long as we are really aware that they are legit and trustworthy. In my case I believe sometimes I could benefit from therapy but simply have no time. One of the reasons I choose online schooling. Definitely I would use these services and give it a try. There are programs offer here in California that can help you as a guide to search for help. The Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS) would like to make the following recommendations to California consumers who choose to seek therapy or counseling over the Internet. Individuals, who provide psychotherapy or counseling, either in person, by telephone, or over the Internet, are required by law to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary by state. Individuals who provide psychotherapy or counseling to persons in California are required to be licensed in California. Such licensure permits the consumer to pursue recourse against the licensee should the consumer believe that the licensee engaged in unprofessional conduct. References 1. National Association of Social Workers â€Å"Code of Ethics â€Å"Retrieved From: https://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/default.asp 2. American Psychological Association â€Å"Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct â€Å"Retrieved From: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx# 3. The Branch Journal of Psychiatry Dr. John Powell â€Å"Internet information-seeking in mental health† Sept 2006 retrieved from: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/189/3/273.short 4. Department of Consumer Affairs Board of Behavioral Sciences â€Å"Consumer Information Regarding Online Psychotherapy† Retrieved From: http://www.bbs.ca.gov/consumer/consumer_psych_online.shtml

Of Mice and Men Assignment Essay

Q. With reference to chapter four, what do you learn about prejudice and injustice in 1930’s America? â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was set around the 1930’s in California, America; where at the time of this classic novel was located. The New York Wall Street stock market had hit an all time low which led to and helped contribute to â€Å"The Great Depression†. Unemployment had hit and harsh poverty too had meant that migrant workers travelled to California in search of work. As the paragraph continues, we learn that the living conditions and working conditions were very poor. Workers couldn’t do their jobs properly and were always worried about being â€Å"canned as they say†. Living conditions weren’t very good either; the ranches were very dirty, compact etc. I believe that Steinbeck wrote this novel because of his past experiences. He was a labourer, he worked very hard, the characters in this book can relate to Steinbeck himself, he wanted to express his views for everyone to see. Also, you can really tell that in Steinbeck’s opinion he is in favour of the workers in this novel. He being a labourer sways his views as in favour of the workers; you can tell he really thought â€Å"The Great Depression† was an awful experience to be involved in. When you see what his characters are saying, they reveal his feelings and thoughts, give good and bad memories, only inside a book. As we are in chapter four, we learn many things about some of the main characters. At the very beginning, we learn about the relationship of some of the characters with each other. The scene is set in Crook’s room, many of the men have gone to the cathouse which is basically a ‘whore house; most of the men have gone but Crooks, Lennie, Candy and Curleys wife have not gone. The most probable reason for this is due to the fact that Crooks, is a black stable buck and also an outsider, Lennie was told not to go by George, Candy is a very old man and Curley’s wife is a woman. Even though Lennie doesn’t really understand, he stumbles across Crooks room and decides to go in. Lennie really sets this chapter alight; he breaks off the divide between black and white and wants to make friends with Crooks: â€Å"Lennie smiled helplessly in an attempt to make friends†. Despite not knowing he is doing it, he is helping out a divide of people and bringing it together. He is such an interesting character but he wouldn’t really know that he is so different to the other characters. â€Å"Noiselessly Lennie appeared in the open doorway and stood there looking in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  no one else in the bunkhouse would have had the guts to enter Crooks’s room although Lennie didn’t really know he wasn’t supposed to. Lennie does quite the opposite to the others, which makes him so astonishing. A major part in this chapter shows how the other characters act when he is around. His actions and works influence others to bring back memories of their childhoods and really open up to him. k†I was born right here in California. My old man had a chicken ranch†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is one example of Crooks opening up to Lennie as he would do to no other person. The characters relax more with Lennie in reflection of this chapter. One more interesting thing in this section of the book is the way Lennie is and is not affected by prejudice and injustice. At one part, he is affected by prejudice and injustice as he witnesses it happening and is picked on by others; â€Å"Listen Nigger, you know what I can do to you if you open your trap?† This shows prejudice and injustice around him towards Crooks. On the other hand, he is not affected by it as he has George to protect him from it and also doesn’t really understand what it is. A vast part of prejudice and injustice in his book is the way Crooks is treated. Crooks is a middle aged black man who has had to work hard all of his life. Sadly, his role on the ranch is an unfortunate one. He is not allowed in the bunkhouse at all, or play games with the other members or be with them at certain times. He lives way out of the way of everyone else in a small room and spends most of his time there. This really shows how black men were treated in this period of time. Luckily, Crooks is not treated as badly as he could have been. He has an education and can read and write which can and also cannot help him at times. For instance, he can understand what others are saying about him, which is not very good. They don’t like him because of the colour of his skin. â€Å"Listen Nigger.† This shows the colour of his skin being used against him by Curley’s wife. As Lennie enters the room, Crooks does not really want him to come in, â€Å"You got no right to come into my room.† Soon after, they get into conversation and are soon talking normally after opening up to each other like friends would. When Candy enters, he tells him he might as well come in as ‘everyone else’ is. Soon, he joins in conversation too. Not until Curley’s wife enters though, do we see a change in Crooks. He doesn’t have any power over anyone in the ranch and soon goes back into his shell. Women were not treated well either, of course, but Curley’s wife could say or do whatever she wanted to a black man, including Crooks. â€Å"You know what I can do to you if you open your trap?† This shows Curley’s wife overpowering Crooks and unfortunately Crooks cannot do anything about it. With Crooks being educated and able to read, he has set himself real goals. He has learned how to cope with the bullying and racism and knows what to do. By not setting his goals too high, he does not expect anything too good, therefore does not mean he is too sad about what happens to him through his lie. Another person who plays a part in giving and experiencing racism is Curley’s wife. She has certain powers compared to other women yet is still treated badly like other women. We learn that with women along with black people, had less power and were discriminated badly; therefore this shows that Curley’s wife situation was similar to most other women, they were not respected and were treated badly. The men do not really like her in reflection, the likes of George, Crooks etc. don’t really warm to her at any time. Her reaction to this is to snap at Crooks in this particular part of the book, she cannot take her anger out at anyone as she does not really have the power to apart from Crooks, so she bullies Crooks in this part, â€Å"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I can get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.† Curley’s wife enters Crooks room with auction, she asks a question to which she knows the answer to, so she can join them, â€Å"Any you boys seen Curley?† shows this. In this chapter, we have to feel a bit sorry for her. We see how lonely she is at this time and since she is not allowed to be with anyone else, she cannot help herself looking for companionship. The reason behind her being so bitter about her life is simple; nothing has ever really gone right for her. By marrying Curley it has not helped her at all and she really thought she would make it as a Hollywood star, however, this did not turn out to be the life that she wanted, â€Å"Think I’m gonna lead with his left twice and then bring in the ol’ right cross?† This piece shows her loneliness and her trouble which leads on to when she is told she is not wanted by the guys, she tells of her sadness and also decides to take it out on Crooks to help herself, it shows a similarity with Crooks , deprived of her rights and very lonely. Finally, the last person in this chapter to experience injustice and prejudice is Candy. A very old man, he was a typical old man who was not well liked, lonely and had a poor time of living with a bad job too. Candy, like most old men back then had a big worry of being ‘canned’ as he was not really needed. There was no pension schemes or benefits, he would have had no where to go and would have probably just died. â€Å"I planted crops for dam near everybody in this state, but they wasn’t my crops, and when I harvested them, it wasn’t none of my harvest.† This shows Candy has worked very hard but does not have much and is not appreciated. The dream to have a place with George and Lennie means so much to him as if it does not happen, he will be eventually canned and have nowhere to go, â€Å"You god dam right were gonna do it.† This shows passion for the dream ranch. In truth, Candy is very similar to the dog he had. He, like the was old, not wanted and not of much use. This is very significant as you can see how much he was appreciated by everyone; not at all. In conclusion, we learn so much about life in the 1930’s in America. We have four different accounts of people being treated unfairly and having injustice upon them. Lennie, Crooks, Curley’s wife and Crooks all experience racism in some way. Lennie is abused for being quite clumsy and slow as well as being big, Crooks was racially abused for being old and black, Curley’s wife is not liked because she is a woman and Candy is abused for being an old man. As you can see, there is not ethnic minority groups that escaped being abused; 1930’s America was a racist and prejudice place to be. The writer Steinbeck is really sending a strong message out to the readers here. He tries to tell us all about how life could be if you were in a minority group. He repeats certain phrases and words to show enthusiasm of how bad it really was. All of his characters have strong points of view towards one another and really act as if they were real people. Basically, John Steinbeck shows that racism and injustice were strong in the 1930’s and whoever you were, you could not really avoid it. Steinbeck gets this message across very well to the readers, by showing the characters different attitudes towards each other; most of the time there were not very pleasant. Whether you were black or white, male, female, disabled or anything else, you had a very good chance of either giving or being racially abused in America in the 1930’s.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 29

Marketing - Essay Example Chinese culture is an apt example of a high-context culture. Business meetings in China revolve around group choices and the agreed upon decisions are mostly finalized in advance, courtesy the instinctive and listener responsible approach of group members (Browaeys & Price, 2008). The low-context cultures tend to be direct with the meaning inherent in any communication (Mead, 2004). They cherish individualism and are not very proficient in the non-verbal exchange of meaning and information (Mead, 2004). Low-context individuals predominantly rely on logic then on emotion to convey ideas (Mead, 2004). The communication patterns in low-context cultures are very structured with a preference for strategies that are rich in details (Mead, 2004). Low-context cultures value linear logic (Mead, 2004). US is a low-context culture where communications are direct and individualistic that are more targeted at specific situations and outcomes, rather than intending to communicate with the entire group (Browaeys & Price, 2008). Factor Analysis: Factor analysis tends to statistically determine variability amongst the observed variables, in relation to a small number of unobserved variables (Lehmann, Gupta & Steckel, 1997). Factor analysis can be suitably used in a situation when the data to be analyzed is quiet large (Lehmann, Gupta & Steckel, 1997). Cluster Analysis: Cluster analysis is ideally suitable for analyzing data having some natural groupings (Lehmann, Gupta & Steckel, 1997). It helps group raw data into clusters. This type of analysis helps determine similarities and variations between local and regional markets. Multidimensional Scaling: Multidimensional scaling is a statistical technique, which facilitates information visualization, thereby allowing for the sifting of similar and dissimilar patterns in a data (Grover & Vriens, 2006). This technique could be exploited, when a marketer is required to select between varied alternatives.

MDCs Approach To Motivating And Coordinating Employees In Xerox Essay - 10

MDCs Approach To Motivating And Coordinating Employees In Xerox - Essay Example This could most clearly demonstrate the role of Clendenin being the authority as the project manager within the organization because they are let go to coordinate activities and build teams according to their own creative standards and communication patterns after the rational career development training. The sources of power in a matrix organization like Xerox are very disparate and changeable, to reflect the external environment of change and dynamism in a competitive industry. Clendenin created many new opportunities for looking at organizations and the relationships that are formed out of a sense of circumstance and happening rather than out of a sense of totalized management planning. The result was a more open and malleable system that accounts for vagaries in the organization and obstacles that may not be as easily accounted for from other, more rationally strict viewpoints. This perspective also often stresses the ability of the face of the organization, like Clendenin, to determine its corporate culture. Clendenin has a strong social network based on a foundation of team-based management. MDC has made various organizational design choices as shown in the case, particularly revolving around its new career development initiatives and new procedures that focus on teamwork as well as effective management. In terms of its status as an organization as shown and depicted in the case, MDC has faced design challenges in various ways. In terms of vertical differentiation, this has been met at the organization through the maintenance of systems within a matrix type design, which still has differentiated areas of control such as those of project manager and sub-project manager, who are able to balance between the multinational sections of the organization and the more domestic management- or budget-oriented sections, which form two distinct organizational cultures.